{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T16:38:52Z","timestamp":1793723932368,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":214,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The cardiovascular system is hardwired to the brain via multilayered afferent and efferent polysynaptic axonal connections. Two major anatomically and functionally distinct though closely interacting subcircuits within the cardiovascular system have recently been defined: The artery-brain circuit and the heart-brain circuit. However, how the nervous system impacts cardiovascular disease progression remains poorly understood. Here, we review recent findings on the anatomy, structures, and inner workings of the lesser-known artery-brain circuit and the better-established heart-brain circuit. We explore the evidence that signals from arteries or the heart form a systemic and finely tuned cardiovascular brain circuit: afferent inputs originating in the arterial tree or the heart are conveyed to distinct sensory neurons in the brain. There, primary integration centers act as hubs that receive and integrate artery-brain circuit\u2013derived and heart-brain circuit\u2013derived signals and process them together with axonal connections and humoral cues from distant brain regions. To conclude the cardiovascular brain circuit, integration centers transmit the constantly modified signals to efferent neurons which transfer them back to the cardiovascular system. Importantly, primary integration centers are wired to and receive information from secondary brain centers that control a wide variety of brain traits encoded in engrams including immune memory, stress-regulating hormone release, pain, reward, emotions, and even motivated types of behavior. Finally, we explore the important possibility that brain effector neurons in the cardiovascular brain circuit network connect efferent signals to other peripheral organs including the immune system, the gut, the liver, and adipose tissue. The enormous recent progress vis-\u00e0-vis the cardiovascular brain circuit allows us to propose a novel neurobiology-centered cardiovascular disease hypothesis that we term the neuroimmune cardiovascular circuit hypothesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.123.322791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T14:00:23Z","timestamp":1685023223000},"page":"1546-1565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Cardiovascular Brain Circuits"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Sarajo K.","family":"Mohanta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (S.K.M., C.Y., C.W., A.J.R.H.)."},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance (S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changjun","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (S.K.M., C.Y., C.W., A.J.R.H.)."},{"name":"Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (C.Y.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4610-8714","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christian","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (S.K.M., C.Y., C.W., A.J.R.H.)."},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance (S.K.M., C.W., A.J.R.H.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Godinho-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (C.G.-S., H.V.-F.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Veiga-Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal (C.G.-S., H.V.-F.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian J.","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Q.J.X., R.B.C.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6953-2943","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rui 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