{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:23:44Z","timestamp":1792844624437,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiac valve disease is observed in 2.5% of the general population and 10% of the elderly people. Effective pharmacological treatments are currently not available, and patients with severe cardiac valve disease require surgery. PROX1 (prospero-related homeobox transcription factor 1) and FOXC2 (Forkhead box C2 transcription factor) are transcription factors that are required for the development of lymphatic and venous valves. We found that PROX1 and FOXC2 are expressed in a subset of valvular endothelial cells (VECs) that are located on the downstream (fibrosa) side of cardiac valves. Whether PROX1 and FOXC2 regulate cardiac valve development and disease is not known.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used histology, electron microscopy, and echocardiography to investigate the structure and functioning of heart valves from\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        Prox1\n                        <jats:sup>\u0394VEC<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      mice in which\n                      <jats:italic>Prox1<\/jats:italic>\n                      was conditionally deleted from VECs. Isolated valve endothelial cells and valve interstitial cells were used to identify the molecular mechanisms in vitro, which were tested in vivo by RNAScope, additional mouse models, and pharmacological approaches. The significance of our findings was tested by evaluation of human samples of mitral valve prolapse and aortic valve insufficiency.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Histological analysis revealed that the aortic and mitral valves of\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        Prox1\n                        <jats:sup>\u0394VEC<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      mice become progressively thick and myxomatous. Echocardiography revealed that the aortic valves of\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        Prox1\n                        <jats:sup>\u0394VEC<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      mice are stenotic\n                      <jats:italic>. FOXC2<\/jats:italic>\n                      was downregulated and PDGF-B (platelet-derived growth factor-B) was upregulated in the VECs of\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        Prox1\n                        <jats:sup>\u0394VEC<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      mice. Conditional knockdown of FOXC2 and conditional overexpression of PDGF-B in VECs recapitulated the phenotype of\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        Prox1\n                        <jats:sup>\u0394VEC<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      mice. PDGF-B was also increased in mice lacking FOXC2 and in human mitral valve prolapse and insufficient aortic valve samples. Pharmacological inhibition of PDGF-B signaling with imatinib partially ameliorated the valve defects of\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        Prox1\n                        <jats:sup>\u0394VEC<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROX1 antagonizes PDGF-B signaling partially via FOXC2 to maintain the extracellular matrix composition and prevent myxomatous degeneration of cardiac valves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.123.323027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T05:01:19Z","timestamp":1691557279000},"page":"463-480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["PROX1 Inhibits PDGF-B Expression to Prevent Myxomatous Degeneration of Heart Valves"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"133","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9147-2502","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yen-Chun","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)."},{"name":"Now with Sanegene Bio, Woburn, MA (X.G.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4880-8394","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna","family":"O\u2019Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (A.O., K.E.Y.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Ibarrola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.I.)."},{"name":"Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain (J.I., A.F.-C., N.L.-A., 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