{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:21:51Z","timestamp":1792671711475,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Wildfire smoke (WFS) is a mixture of respirable particulate matter, environmental gases, and other hazardous pollutants that originate from the unplanned burning of arid vegetation during wildfires. The increasing size and frequency of recent wildfires has escalated public and occupational health concerns regarding WFS inhalation, by either individuals living nearby and downstream an active fire or wildland firefighters and other workers that face unavoidable exposure because of their profession. In this review, we first synthesize current evidence from environmental, controlled, and interventional human exposure studies, to highlight positive associations between WFS inhalation and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Motivated by these findings, we discuss preventative measures and suggest interventions to mitigate the cardiovascular impact of wildfires. We then review animal and cell exposure studies to call attention on the pathophysiological processes that support the deterioration of cardiovascular tissues and organs in response to WFS inhalation. Acknowledging the challenges of integrating evidence across independent sources, we contextualize laboratory-scale exposure approaches according to the biological processes that they model and offer suggestions for ensuring relevance to the human condition. Noting that wildfires are significant contributors to ambient air pollution, we compare the biological responses triggered by WFS to those of other harmful pollutants. We also review evidence for how WFS inhalation may trigger mechanisms that have been proposed as mediators of adverse cardiovascular effects upon exposure to air pollution. We finally conclude by highlighting research areas that demand further consideration. Overall, we aspire for this work to serve as a catalyst for regulatory initiatives to mitigate the adverse cardiovascular effects of WFS inhalation in the community and alleviate the occupational risk in wildland firefighters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.124.323614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T14:01:11Z","timestamp":1714053671000},"page":"1061-1082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Impact of Wildfires on Cardiovascular Health"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7683-9564","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Victoria A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (V.A.W., C.T.Y., N.A.M., J.M.O., C.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6005-9459","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luke R.","family":"Perreault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA (L.R.P.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4321-0187","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charbel T.","family":"Yazbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (V.A.W., C.T.Y., N.A.M., J.M.O., C.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6028-4942","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Micovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (V.A.W., C.T.Y., N.A.M., J.M.O., C.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9669-0680","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Oakes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (V.A.W., C.T.Y., N.A.M., J.M.O., C.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0823-4613","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chiara","family":"Bellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA (V.A.W., C.T.Y., N.A.M., J.M.O., C.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG). NWCG glossary of wildland fire PMS 205 2018. 2018. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nwcg.gov\/glossary\/a-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016Jd026315"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-020-00662-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.12.086"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128834"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Air Pollutant Emission Trends Data. Datafile: \u201cnational tier 1 CAPS trends criteria pollutants national tier 1 for 1970 - 2022.\u201d https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/air-emissions-inventories\/air-pollutant-emissions-trends-data"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GH000330"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-020-00394-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.058058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1225195"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joclim.2021.100110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409277"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-022-00355-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-019-02450-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/wf20118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145759"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408436"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001653"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv343"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003206"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000000160"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-016-0093-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007492"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000636"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-016-0146-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-012-9489-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023GH000860"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.014125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000090"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP3860"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102459"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GH000578"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002288"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120802712750"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab206"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2005.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2010.064238"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1658"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0102-311x2013000300016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06264-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2008.041376"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GH000073"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-7-42"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-240"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12065"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3916-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03405325"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181c15d5a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105151"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2006.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193720"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2014.67"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c02934"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/wf15083"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15388"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.117.005617"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa754"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11654-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1702747"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-71"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2019.1600079"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22331"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2012.760064"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00097707"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001775"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22566"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.03.060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2023.103811"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","unstructured":"Office USGA. Wildland fire: federal agencies face barriers to recruiting and retaining firefighters. United States Government Accountability Office; 2023. https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/assets\/gao-23-106888.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182211787"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","unstructured":"ANON. Stastistics. National Interagency Fire Center. https:\/\/www.nifc.gov\/fire-information\/statistics"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3733\/ca.2016a0011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1059924X.2020.1725699"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.012246"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2020.1751750"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106254"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108831"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2011.065276"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000536578"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370600685798"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2013.798387"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00641-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-10-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-015-0111-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001437"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2011.567401"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000067"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-9-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-014-0062-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gex021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-017-0303-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201010-1572OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102696"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108592"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/07-1183.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EF001210"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_2","unstructured":"US EPA O. Wildfires and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-004-0149-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2106478118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-020-00267-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartung C Han R Seielstad C Holbrook S. FireWxNet: a multi-tiered portable wireless system for monitoring weather conditions in wildland fire environments. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Mobile Systems Applications and Services. ACM; 2006:28\u201341.","DOI":"10.1145\/1134680.1134685"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_111_2","volume-title":"The Fire Chief\u2019s Handbook","author":"Marinucci RA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marinucci, RA. The Fire Chief\u2019s Handbook, 7th ed. Fire Engineering Books & Videos; 2015.","edition":"7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa060357"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370500189529"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skad246"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/65.1.115"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2012.756086"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9090199"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2020.1826375"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.089"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2020.1809572"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvh.2023.1166918"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2019.1654046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160609"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58253-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2014.935535"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2847"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2022.2086948"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43339-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200801788"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2011.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10915818211044809"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000108395.12766.25"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/652632"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17091403"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129616"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00099.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0402.104118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.121.317749"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-015-9325-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110932"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13030407"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12152609"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2020.100215"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_147_2","unstructured":"ANON. Wildland fire air quality and public health considerations fact sheet. US Environmental Protection Agency. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2024-02\/pm-naaqs-wildland-fire-air-quality-fact-sheet-final.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_148_2","unstructured":"US EPA. Why wildfire smoke is a health concern. US Environmental Protection Agency; 2019. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/wildfire-smoke-course\/why-wildfire-smoke-health-concern#:~:text=Wildfire%20smoke%20is%20comprised%20of the%20principal%20public%20health%20threat"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307081"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_150_2","volume-title":"Review of Evidence on Health Aspects of Air Pollution \u2013 REVIHAAP Project: Technical Report","year":"2013","unstructured":"Europe WRO for. Proximity to roads, NO2, other air pollutants and their mixtures. In: Review of Evidence on Health Aspects of Air Pollution \u2013 REVIHAAP Project: Technical Report. WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2013."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2009.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2008.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-014-9272-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2011.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx400024h"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2016.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13055"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2014.984881"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05376-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13040785"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2016.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2516865720954873"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-9-45"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11100844"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kft107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(92)90060-t"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.01028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03640-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107419"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16778"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0274-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2018.1526181"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230601080502"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.9.2101036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3143"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6877"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2015.75"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6228-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_179_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvn360"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802104-0.00027-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_181_2","first-page":"296","article-title":"Induction of cytochrome P4501A1 by aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists in porcine aorta endothelial cells in culture and cytochrome P4501A1 activity in intact cells.","volume":"47","author":"Stegeman JJ","year":"1995","unstructured":"Stegeman, JJ, Hahn, ME, Weisbrod, R, Woodin, BR, Joy, JS, Najibi, S, Cohen, RA. Induction of cytochrome P4501A1 by aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists in porcine aorta endothelial cells in culture and cytochrome P4501A1 activity in intact cells. Mol Pharmacol. 1995;47:296\u2013306.","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_182_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_183_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03162.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_184_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2018.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2017.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101530"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_187_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.220202"}],"container-title":["Circulation Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.323614","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:35:55Z","timestamp":1715560555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.323614"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"references-count":186,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.323614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circresaha.124.323614","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-7330","1524-4571"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-7330","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4571","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}