{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T06:09:46Z","timestamp":1793858986545,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":290,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Heart failure is a global health issue with significant mortality and morbidity. There is increasing evidence that alterations in the gastrointestinal microbiome, gut epithelial permeability, and gastrointestinal disorders contribute to heart failure progression through various pathways, including systemic inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and modulation of cardiac function. Moreover, several medications used to treat heart failure directly impact the microbiome. The relationship between the gastrointestinal tract and the heart is bidirectional, termed the gut-heart axis. It is increasingly understood that diet-derived microbial metabolites are key mechanistic drivers of the gut-heart axis. This includes, for example, trimethylamine\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    -oxide and short-chain fatty acids. This review discusses current insights into the interplay between heart failure, its associated risk factors, and the gut microbiome, focusing on key metabolic pathways, the role of dietary interventions, and the potential for gut-targeted therapies. Understanding these complex interactions could pave the way for novel strategies to mitigate heart failure progression and improve patient outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.125.325516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T14:00:24Z","timestamp":1747922424000},"page":"1382-1406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Gut-Heart Axis: The Role of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4829-9550","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew","family":"Snelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hypertension Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences (M.S., R.R.M., F.Z.M.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia."},{"name":"Victorian Heart Institute (M.S., R.R.M., F.Z.M.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7577-2123","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rikeish","family":"R. Muralitharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hypertension Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences (M.S., R.R.M., F.Z.M.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia."},{"name":"Victorian Heart Institute (M.S., R.R.M., F.Z.M.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9383-341X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chia-Feng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute (C.-F.L., W.H.W.T.), Cleveland Clinic, OH."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1888-5575","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lajos","family":"Mark\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (L.M., S.K.F.)."},{"name":"Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., S.K.F.)."},{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Berlin, Germany (L.M., S.K.F.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4285-6993","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sofia K.","family":"Forslund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (L.M., S.K.F.)."},{"name":"Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., S.K.F.)."},{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Berlin, Germany (L.M., S.K.F.)."},{"name":"DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (S.K.F.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4920-9991","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francine Z.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hypertension Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences (M.S., R.R.M., F.Z.M.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia."},{"name":"Victorian Heart Institute (M.S., R.R.M., F.Z.M.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia."},{"name":"Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (F.Z.M.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8335-735X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"W.H. 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