{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:23:34Z","timestamp":1791303814727,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Background\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Glutaraldehyde fixation (G-F) decreases but likely does not eliminate the antigenicity of bioprosthetic heart valves. Rejection (with secondary dystrophic calcification) may be why G-F xenograft valves fail, especially in young patients, who are more immunocompetent than the elderly. Therefore, we sought to determine whether rejection of G-F xenograft occurs and to correlate this with graft calcification.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Methods and Results\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Ascending aortas\/valves (from rats [syngeneic] or guinea pigs [xenogeneic]) were transplanted (fresh or after 48 hour of G-F) into the infrarenal aortas of young rat recipients for 20 days. A xenogeneic group was also treated with steroids until graft harvest. The valves and media\/adventitia were scored blindly for inflammation (0 to 4). Percent graft infiltration by T cells\/macrophages was determined (immunohistochemistry), and rat IgG ELISAs were performed. There was &gt;3 times more valve inflammation, &gt;10 times more valve T-cell\/macrophage infiltrate, and &gt;3 times antibody rise in the G-F xenogeneic groups compared with the fresh syngeneic or the G-F syngeneic groups (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.05). There was &gt;2 times more adventitial inflammation and T-cell\/macrophage infiltrate in the xenogeneic groups (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.05). Steroid treatment decreased inflammation and antibody rise in the xenogeneic groups (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.05). Correlation analysis revealed media\/adventitia inflammation (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.02) and percent macrophage (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.01) infiltration to be predictors of calcification.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    G-F xenografts have cellular\/humoral rejection and calcify secondarily.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.105.549311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,10]],"date-time":"2006-07-10T20:33:59Z","timestamp":1152563639000},"page":"318-327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":220,"title":["Glutaraldehyde-Fixed Bioprosthetic Heart Valve Conduits Calcify and Fail From Xenograft Rejection"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Rizwan A.","family":"Manji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiac Surgery (R.A.M., A.K., D.B.R.), the Surgical-Medical Research Institute (R.A.M., L.F.Z., N.K.N., G.S.K., T.A.C., R.V.R.), and the Department of Pathology (D.C.R.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin F.","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiac Surgery (R.A.M., A.K., D.B.R.), the Surgical-Medical Research Institute (R.A.M., L.F.Z., N.K.N., G.S.K., T.A.C., R.V.R.), and the Department of Pathology (D.C.R.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nimrit K.","family":"Nijjar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiac Surgery (R.A.M., A.K., D.B.R.), the Surgical-Medical Research Institute (R.A.M., L.F.Z., N.K.N., G.S.K., T.A.C., R.V.R.), and the Department of Pathology (D.C.R.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Rayner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiac Surgery (R.A.M., A.K., D.B.R.), the Surgical-Medical Research Institute (R.A.M., L.F.Z., N.K.N., G.S.K., T.A.C., R.V.R.), and the Department of Pathology (D.C.R.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg S.","family":"Korbutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiac Surgery (R.A.M., A.K., D.B.R.), the Surgical-Medical Research Institute (R.A.M., L.F.Z., N.K.N., G.S.K., T.A.C., R.V.R.), and the Department of Pathology (D.C.R.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Churchill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiac Surgery (R.A.M., A.K., D.B.R.), the Surgical-Medical Research Institute (R.A.M., L.F.Z., N.K.N., G.S.K., T.A.C., R.V.R.), and the Department of Pathology (D.C.R.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ray V.","family":"Rajotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiac Surgery (R.A.M., A.K., D.B.R.), the Surgical-Medical Research Institute (R.A.M., L.F.Z., N.K.N., G.S.K., T.A.C., R.V.R.), and the Department of Pathology (D.C.R.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arvind","family":"Koshal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiac Surgery (R.A.M., A.K., D.B.R.), the Surgical-Medical Research Institute (R.A.M., L.F.Z., N.K.N., G.S.K., T.A.C., R.V.R.), and the Department of Pathology (D.C.R.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiac Surgery (R.A.M., A.K., D.B.R.), the Surgical-Medical Research Institute (R.A.M., L.F.Z., N.K.N., G.S.K., T.A.C., R.V.R.), and the Department of Pathology (D.C.R.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1594.2002.07005_4.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)39018-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"II-162","volume":"64","year":"1981","unstructured":"Rocchini AP, Weesner KM, Heidelberger K, Keren D, Behrendt D, Rosenthal A. 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