{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:00:23Z","timestamp":1792512023692,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The trifascicular nature of the intraventricular conduction system and the concept of trifascicular block and hemiblock were described by Rosenbaum and his coworkers in 1968. Since then, anatomic, pathological, electrophysiological, and clinical studies have confirmed the original description and scarce advances have been developed on the subject. In the present study, we attempt to review and redefine reliable criteria for the electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic diagnosis of left anterior and posterior hemiblock. One of the most important problems related to hemiblocks is that they may simulate or conceal the electrocardiographic signs of myocardial infarction or myocardial ischemia and may mask or simulate ventricular hypertrophy. Illustrative examples of these associations are shown to help the interpretation of electrocardiograms. The incidence and prevalence of the hemiblocks is presented based on studies performed in hospital patients and general populations. One of the most common causes of hemiblocks is coronary artery disease, and there is a particularly frequent association between anteroseptal myocardial infarction and left anterior hemiblock. The second most important cause is arterial hypertension, followed by cardiomyopathies and Lev and Lene\u0300gre diseases. The hemiblocks may also occur in aortic heart disease and congenital cardiopathies. Left anterior hemiblock is more common in men and increases in frequency with advancing age. Evidence is presented regarding the relationship of spontaneous closure of ventricular septal defects, which may explain the finding of this and other conduction defects in young populations. Isolated left anterior hemiblock is a relatively frequent finding in subjects devoid of evidence of structural heart disease. Conversely, isolated left posterior hemiblock is a very rare finding; its prognostic significance is unknown and is commonly associated with right bundle-branch block. The most remarkable feature of this association is that the prognosis is much more serious with a great propensity to develop complete atrioventricular block and Adams-Stoke seizures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.106.637389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,5]],"date-time":"2007-03-05T16:58:01Z","timestamp":1173113881000},"page":"1154-1163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":143,"title":["Hemiblocks Revisited"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Marcelo V.","family":"Elizari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Ramos Meji\u0301a Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael S.","family":"Acunzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Ramos Meji\u0301a Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Ferreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Ramos Meji\u0301a Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","unstructured":"Rosenbaum MB Elizari MV L\u00e1zzari JO. Los Hemibloqueos. Buenos Aires Argentina: Paid\u00f3s; 1968."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Rosenbaum MB Elizari MV L\u00e1zzari JO. The Hemiblocks. Oldsmar Florida: Tampa Tracings; 1970."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(79)90025-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tawara S. The Conduction System of the Mammalian Heart. An Anatomic-Histological Study of the Atrioventricular Bundle and the Purkinje Fibers. Suma K Shimada M trans; Anderson RN ed. London: National Heart and Lung Institute; 2000: 45\u201362.","DOI":"10.1142\/9781860943812"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.34.8.807"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Massing G James TN. Anatomy and pathology of the conduction system. In: Samet P ed. Cardiac Pacing. New York NY: Grune and Stratton; 1973; 17."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2002.125503"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"242","volume":"21","year":"1978","unstructured":"de Padua F, dos Reis D, Lopes VM, Pereira MJ, Lopes MG, da Silva TM, de Padua JP. Left median hemiblock\u2013a chimera? Adv Cardiol. 1978; 21: 242\u2013248.","journal-title":"Adv Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0736(78)80028-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"562","volume":"47","year":"1972","unstructured":"Kennel AJ, Titus JL. The vasculature of the human atrioventricular conduction system. 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