{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:07:44Z","timestamp":1790654864554,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We hypothesize that left-sided low-level vagus nerve stimulation (LL-VNS) can suppress sympathetic outflow and reduce atrial tachyarrhythmias in ambulatory dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We implanted a neurostimulator in 12 dogs to stimulate the left cervical vagus nerve and a radiotransmitter for continuous recording of left stellate ganglion nerve activity, vagal nerve activities, and ECGs. Group 1 dogs (N=6) underwent 1 week of continuous LL-VNS. Group 2 dogs (N=6) underwent intermittent rapid atrial pacing followed by active or sham LL-VNS on alternate weeks. Integrated stellate ganglion nerve activity was significantly reduced during LL-VNS (7.8 mV\/s; 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.94 to 8.66 versus 9.4 mV\/s [95% CI, 8.5 to 10.3] at baseline;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.033) in group 1. The reduction was most apparent at 8\n                      <jats:sc>am<\/jats:sc>\n                      , along with a significantly reduced heart rate (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.008). Left-sided low-level vagus nerve stimulation did not change vagal nerve activity. The density of tyrosine hydroxylase\u2013positive nerves in the left stellate ganglion 1 week after cessation of LL-VNS were 99 684 \u03bcm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (95% CI, 28 850 to 170 517) in LL-VNS dogs and 186 561 \u03bcm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (95% CI, 154 956 to 218 166;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.008) in normal dogs. In group 2, the frequencies of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and tachycardia during active LL-VNS were 1.4\/d (95% CI, 0.5 to 5.1) and 8.0\/d (95% CI, 5.3 to 12.0), respectively, significantly lower than during sham stimulation (9.2\/d [95% CI, 5.3 to 13.1];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.001 and 22.0\/d [95% CI, 19.1 to 25.5],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Left-sided low-level vagus nerve stimulation suppresses stellate ganglion nerve activities and reduces the incidences of paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmias in ambulatory dogs. Significant neural remodeling of the left stellate ganglion is evident 1 week after cessation of continuous LL-VNS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.111.018028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,10]],"date-time":"2011-05-10T02:20:42Z","timestamp":1304994042000},"page":"2204-2212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":212,"title":["Continuous Low-Level Vagus Nerve Stimulation Reduces Stellate Ganglion Nerve Activity and Paroxysmal Atrial Tachyarrhythmias in Ambulatory Canines"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Division of Cardiology (M.J.S., T.S., H.-W.P., K.F., D.S.I., E.-K.C., S.H., M.M., R.S., J.C.L., D.P.Z., S.-F.L., P.-S.C.) and the Division of Biostatistics (C.S.), Department of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (L.S.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine; the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN (J.C.L.); and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California\u2013Los Angeles (M.C..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuji","family":"Shinohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Division of Cardiology (M.J.S., T.S., H.-W.P., K.F., D.S.I., E.-K.C., S.H., M.M., R.S., J.C.L., D.P.Z., S.-F.L., P.-S.C.) and the Division of Biostatistics (C.S.), Department of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (L.S.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine; the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN (J.C.L.); and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California\u2013Los Angeles (M.C..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Wook","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Division of Cardiology (M.J.S., T.S., H.-W.P., K.F., D.S.I., E.-K.C., S.H., M.M., R.S., J.C.L., D.P.Z., S.-F.L., P.-S.C.) and the Division of Biostatistics (C.S.), Department of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (L.S.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine; the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN (J.C.L.); and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California\u2013Los Angeles (M.C..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Frick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Division of Cardiology (M.J.S., T.S., H.-W.P., K.F., D.S.I., E.-K.C., S.H., M.M., R.S., J.C.L., D.P.Z., S.-F.L., P.-S.C.) and the Division of Biostatistics (C.S.), Department of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (L.S.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine; the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN (J.C.L.); and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California\u2013Los Angeles (M.C..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Ice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Division of Cardiology (M.J.S., T.S., H.-W.P., K.F., D.S.I., E.-K.C., S.H., M.M., R.S., J.C.L., D.P.Z., S.-F.L., P.-S.C.) and the Division of Biostatistics (C.S.), Department of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (L.S.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine; the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN (J.C.L.); and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California\u2013Los Angeles (M.C..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eue-Keun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Division of Cardiology (M.J.S., T.S., H.-W.P., K.F., D.S.I., E.-K.C., S.H., M.M., R.S., J.C.L., D.P.Z., S.-F.L., P.-S.C.) and the Division of Biostatistics (C.S.), Department of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (L.S.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine; the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN (J.C.L.); and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California\u2013Los Angeles (M.C..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seongwook","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Division of Cardiology (M.J.S., T.S., H.-W.P., K.F., D.S.I., E.-K.C., S.H., M.M., R.S., J.C.L., D.P.Z., S.-F.L., P.-S.C.) and the Division of Biostatistics (C.S.), Department of Medicine; 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and Department of Neurology (L.S.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine; the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN (J.C.L.); and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California\u2013Los Angeles (M.C..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan S.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Division of Cardiology (M.J.S., T.S., H.-W.P., K.F., D.S.I., E.-K.C., S.H., M.M., R.S., J.C.L., D.P.Z., S.-F.L., P.-S.C.) and the Division of Biostatistics (C.S.), Department of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (L.S.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine; the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN (J.C.L.); and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California\u2013Los Angeles (M.C..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Lopshire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Division of Cardiology (M.J.S., T.S., H.-W.P., K.F., D.S.I., E.-K.C., S.H., M.M., R.S., J.C.L., D.P.Z., S.-F.L., P.-S.C.) and the Division of Biostatistics (C.S.), Department of Medicine; 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