{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:09:21Z","timestamp":1791464961617,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence suggests that longer-term exposure to air pollutants over years confers higher risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than shorter-term exposure. One explanation is that the cumulative adverse effects that develop over longer durations lead to the genesis of chronic disease. Preliminary epidemiological and clinical evidence suggests that air pollution may contribute to the development of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used Cox proportional hazards models to assess incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident hypertension and diabetes mellitus associated with exposure to fine particulate matter (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and nitrogen oxides in a cohort of black women living in Los Angeles. Pollutant levels were estimated at participants' residential addresses with land use regression models (nitrogen oxides) and interpolation from monitoring station measurements (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). Over follow-up from 1995 to 2005, 531 incident cases of hypertension and 183 incident cases of diabetes mellitus occurred. When pollutants were analyzed separately, the IRR for hypertension for a 10-\u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      increase in PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      was 1.48 (95% CI, 0.95\u20132.31), and the IRR for the interquartile range (12.4 parts per billion) of nitrogen oxides was 1.14 (95% CI, 1.03\u20131.25). The corresponding IRRs for diabetes mellitus were 1.63 (95% CI, 0.78\u20133.44) and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.07\u20131.46). When both pollutants were included in the same model, the IRRs for PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      were attenuated and the IRRs for nitrogen oxides were essentially unchanged for both outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest that exposure to air pollutants, especially traffic-related pollutants, may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and possibly of hypertension.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.111.052753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,5]],"date-time":"2012-01-05T20:15:04Z","timestamp":1325794504000},"page":"767-772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":327,"title":["Air Pollution and Incidence of Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus in Black Women Living in Los Angeles"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Patricia F.","family":"Coogan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA (P.F.C., J.R.P., L.R.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.F.W.); Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (M.J., J.G.S., E.S.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (R.D.B.); and Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada (R.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura F.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA (P.F.C., J.R.P., L.R.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.F.W.); Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (M.J., J.G.S., E.S.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (R.D.B.); and Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada (R.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Jerrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA (P.F.C., J.R.P., L.R.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.F.W.); Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (M.J., J.G.S., E.S.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (R.D.B.); and Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada (R.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Brook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA (P.F.C., J.R.P., L.R.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.F.W.); Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (M.J., J.G.S., E.S.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (R.D.B.); and Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada (R.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason G.","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA (P.F.C., J.R.P., L.R.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.F.W.); Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (M.J., J.G.S., E.S.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (R.D.B.); and Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada (R.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmund","family":"Seto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA (P.F.C., J.R.P., L.R.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.F.W.); Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (M.J., J.G.S., E.S.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (R.D.B.); and Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada (R.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Burnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA (P.F.C., J.R.P., L.R.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.F.W.); Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (M.J., J.G.S., E.S.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (R.D.B.); and Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada (R.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie R.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA (P.F.C., J.R.P., L.R.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.F.W.); Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (M.J., J.G.S., E.S.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (R.D.B.); and Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada (R.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA (P.F.C., J.R.P., L.R.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.F.W.); Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (M.J., J.G.S., E.S.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (R.D.B.); and Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada (R.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20070444"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2006.10464485"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370590912815"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01715-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.693622"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7523"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10899"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2006.049205"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.123877"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-006-9025-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.052704"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2009.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0698"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901689"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002344"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200401000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1047"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.18.2363"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(96)90371-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116786"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/sop.2008.51.4.759"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","volume-title":"The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure","author":"National Institutes of Health","year":"2004","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. 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