{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:52:12Z","timestamp":1792651932899,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease of progressive vascular remodeling, characterized by dysregulated growth of pulmonary vascular cells and inflammation. A prevailing view is that abnormal cellular metabolism, notably aerobic glycolysis that increases glucose demand, underlies the pathogenesis of PAH. Increased lung glucose uptake has been reported in animal models. Few data exist from patients with PAH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dynamic positron emission tomography imaging with fluorine-18\u2013labeled 2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      FDG) ligand with kinetic analysis demonstrated increased mean lung parenchymal uptake in 20 patients with PAH, 18 with idiopathic PAH (IPAH) (FDG score: 3.27\u00b11.22), and 2 patients with connective tissue disease (5.07 and 7.11) compared with controls (2.02\u00b10.71;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.05). Further compartment analysis confirmed increased lung glucose metabolism in IPAH. Lung\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      FDG uptake and metabolism varied within the IPAH population and within the lungs of individual patients, consistent with the recognized heterogeneity of vascular pathology in this disease. The monocrotaline rat PAH model also showed increased lung\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      FDG uptake, which was reduced along with improvements in vascular pathology after treatment with dicholoroacetate and 2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors, imatinib and sunitinib. Hyperproliferative pulmonary vascular fibroblasts isolated from IPAH patients exhibited upregulated glycolytic gene expression, along with increased cellular\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      FDG uptake; both were reduced by dicholoroacetate and imatinib.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Some patients with IPAH exhibit increased lung\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      FDG uptake.\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      FDG positron emission tomography imaging is a tool to investigate the molecular pathology of PAH and its response to treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.113.004136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,30]],"date-time":"2013-07-30T21:53:21Z","timestamp":1375221201000},"page":"1214-1224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Heterogeneity in Lung\n                    <sup>18<\/sup>\n                    FDG Uptake in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"Lan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK (L.Z., A.A., L.W., O.D., J.C., E.C., H.J., G.B., M.R.W.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (W.F.); Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research and University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Bad..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ashek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK (L.Z., A.A., L.W., O.D., J.C., E.C., H.J., G.B., M.R.W.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (W.F.); Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research and University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Bad..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK (L.Z., A.A., L.W., O.D., J.C., E.C., H.J., G.B., M.R.W.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (W.F.); Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research and University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Bad..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK (L.Z., A.A., L.W., O.D., J.C., E.C., H.J., G.B., M.R.W.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (W.F.); Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research and University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Bad..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swati","family":"Dabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK (L.Z., A.A., L.W., O.D., J.C., E.C., H.J., G.B., M.R.W.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (W.F.); Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research and University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Bad..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Dubois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK (L.Z., A.A., L.W., O.D., J.C., E.C., H.J., G.B., M.R.W.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (W.F.); Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research and University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Bad..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Cupitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK (L.Z., A.A., L.W., O.D., J.C., E.C., H.J., G.B., M.R.W.); 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