{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T03:53:31Z","timestamp":1793073211814,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a puzzling clinical entity with no previous evaluation of the literature. This systematic review aims to (1) quantify the prevalence, risk factors, and 12-month prognosis in patients with MINOCA, and (2) evaluate potential pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this disorder.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Quantitative assessment of 28 publications using a meta-analytic approach evaluated the prevalence, clinical features, and prognosis of MINOCA. The prevalence of MINOCA was 6% [95% confidence interval, 5%\u20137%] with a median patient age of 55 years (95% confidence interval, 51\u201359 years) and 40% women. However, in comparison with those with myocardial infarction associated with obstructive coronary artery disease, the patients with MINOCA were more likely to be younger and female but less likely to have hyperlipidemia, although other cardiovascular risk factors were similar. All-cause mortality at 12 months was lower in MINOCA (4.7%; 95% confidence interval, 2.6%\u20136.9%) compared with myocardial infarction associated with obstructive coronary artery disease (6.7%, 95% confidence interval, 4.3%\u20139.0%). Qualitative assessment of 46 publications evaluating the underlying pathophysiology responsible for MINOCA revealed the presence of a typical myocardial infarct on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in only 24% of patients, with myocarditis occurring in 33% and no significant abnormality in 26%. Coronary artery spasm was inducible in 27% of MINOCA patients, and thrombophilia disorders were detected in 14%.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>MINOCA should be considered as a working diagnosis with multiple potential causes that require evaluation so that directed therapies may improve its guarded prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.114.011201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,14]],"date-time":"2015-01-14T07:36:58Z","timestamp":1421221018000},"page":"861-870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":882,"title":["Systematic Review of Patients Presenting With Suspected Myocardial Infarction and Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Sivabaskari","family":"Pasupathy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia (S.P., R.P.D., R.T., J.F.B.); Cardiology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia (S.P., R.P.D., R.T., J.F.B.); Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, South Australia (T.A.); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT (R.P.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (R.P.D.); and Cardiology Department, Lyell McEwin..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Air","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia (S.P., R.P.D., R.T., J.F.B.); Cardiology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia (S.P., R.P.D., R.T., J.F.B.); Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, South Australia (T.A.); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT (R.P.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (R.P.D.); and Cardiology Department, Lyell McEwin..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel P.","family":"Dreyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia (S.P., R.P.D., R.T., J.F.B.); Cardiology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia (S.P., R.P.D., R.T., J.F.B.); Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, South Australia (T.A.); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT (R.P.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (R.P.D.); and Cardiology Department, Lyell McEwin..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosanna","family":"Tavella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia (S.P., R.P.D., R.T., J.F.B.); Cardiology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia (S.P., R.P.D., R.T., J.F.B.); Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, South Australia (T.A.); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT (R.P.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (R.P.D.); and Cardiology Department, Lyell McEwin..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Beltrame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia (S.P., R.P.D., R.T., J.F.B.); Cardiology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia (S.P., R.P.D., R.T., J.F.B.); Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, South Australia (T.A.); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT (R.P.D.); Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (R.P.D.); and Cardiology Department, Lyell McEwin..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198010163031601"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198608143150703"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2009.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2012.02591.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31826e1058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.17.2345"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2004.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-1609.12002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.026542"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.65.7.1299"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.10.1102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00073-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(93)90527-G"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.2.333"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(88)90934-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.2000.2553"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/TH03-07-0442"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.82.6.678"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(88)91519-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"31","article-title":"Acute myocardial infarction in Taiwanese with angiographically normal coronary arteries: role of coronary artery spasm.","volume":"19","author":"Hung MJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hung MJ, Cherng WJ, Kuo LT, Wang CH. 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