{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:30:39Z","timestamp":1792272639841,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"19","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purposes of this study were to assess the long-term effect of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on blood pressure (BP) trajectories from childhood to young adulthood and to examine whether this relation is explained by childhood socioeconomic status (SES) or risk behaviors that are associated with ACEs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Systolic and diastolic BPs were measured up to 16 times (13 times on average) over a 23-year period in 213 African Americans and 181 European Americans 5 to 38 years of age. Retrospective data on traumatic experiences before 18 years of age were collected, including abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Individual growth curve modeling within a multilevel framework was used to examine the relation between exposure to ACEs and BP development. No main effect of ACEs on average BP levels was found. However, a significant interaction of ACE score with age\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      was observed (systolic BP,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.033; diastolic BP,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.017). Subjects who experienced multiple traumatic events during childhood showed a faster rise in BP levels after 30 years of age than those without ACEs. As expected, a graded association of ACEs with childhood socioeconomic status and negative health behaviors was observed (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). The ACE\u2013systolic BP relation was not explained by these factors, whereas the ACE\u2013diastolic BP relation was partially mediated by illicit drug use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this novel longitudinal study, we observed that participants who were exposed to multiple ACEs displayed a greater increase in BP levels in young adulthood compared with their counterparts without ACEs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.114.013104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,9]],"date-time":"2015-04-09T22:11:59Z","timestamp":1428617519000},"page":"1674-1681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":211,"title":["Adverse Childhood Experiences and Blood Pressure Trajectories From Childhood to Young Adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Shaoyong","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia (S.S., X.W., X.X., G.A.H.), Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior (W.V.M.), and Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics (M.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Cardio-Renal Physiology &amp; Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.S.P.); Technology Applications Center for Healthful Lifestyles, Colleges of Nursing and Medicine, Medical..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia (S.S., X.W., X.X., G.A.H.), Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior (W.V.M.), and Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics (M.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Cardio-Renal Physiology &amp; Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.S.P.); Technology Applications Center for Healthful Lifestyles, Colleges of Nursing and Medicine, Medical..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Pollock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia (S.S., X.W., X.X., G.A.H.), Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior (W.V.M.), and Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics (M.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Cardio-Renal Physiology &amp; Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.S.P.); Technology Applications Center for Healthful Lifestyles, Colleges of Nursing and Medicine, Medical..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank A.","family":"Treiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia (S.S., X.W., X.X., G.A.H.), Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior (W.V.M.), and Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics (M.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Cardio-Renal Physiology &amp; Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.S.P.); Technology Applications Center for Healthful Lifestyles, Colleges of Nursing and Medicine, Medical..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia (S.S., X.W., X.X., G.A.H.), Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior (W.V.M.), and Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics (M.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Cardio-Renal Physiology &amp; Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.S.P.); Technology Applications Center for Healthful Lifestyles, Colleges of Nursing and Medicine, Medical..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"Snieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia (S.S., X.W., X.X., G.A.H.), Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior (W.V.M.), and Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics (M.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Cardio-Renal Physiology &amp; Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.S.P.); Technology Applications Center for Healthful Lifestyles, Colleges of Nursing and Medicine, Medical..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Vaughn","family":"McCall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia (S.S., X.W., X.X., G.A.H.), Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior (W.V.M.), and Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics (M.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Cardio-Renal Physiology &amp; Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.S.P.); Technology Applications Center for Healthful Lifestyles, Colleges of Nursing and Medicine, Medical..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Stefanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia (S.S., X.W., X.X., G.A.H.), Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior (W.V.M.), and Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics (M.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Cardio-Renal Physiology &amp; Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.S.P.); Technology Applications Center for Healthful Lifestyles, Colleges of Nursing and Medicine, Medical..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Harshfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia (S.S., X.W., X.X., G.A.H.), Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior (W.V.M.), and Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics (M.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Cardio-Renal Physiology &amp; Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.S.P.); Technology Applications Center for Healthful Lifestyles, Colleges of Nursing and Medicine, Medical..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"703","article-title":"Vital signs: awareness and treatment of uncontrolled hypertension among adults\u2014United States, 2003\u20132010.","volume":"61","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2012","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs: awareness and treatment of uncontrolled hypertension among adults\u2014United States, 2003\u20132010. MMWR. 2012;61:703\u2013709.","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deaths: final data for 2009.","volume":"60","author":"Kochanek KD","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kochanek KD, Xu J, Murphy SL, Mini\u00f1o AM, Kung HC. Deaths: final data for 2009. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2011;60:1\u2013116.","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.730366"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200202000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2002.128113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.106.085597"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181bb2b46"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2012.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013785"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.214"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000143074.54995.7F"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.095109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.13.129247"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.3.564"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.17.1652"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S68226"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31825e32e8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.643940"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","volume-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Health Tech\/Blood Pressure Procedures Manual","year":"2009","unstructured":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Health Tech\/Blood Pressure Procedures Manual. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2009."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","article-title":"The effect of adverse childhood experiences on adult health: 2012 North Carolina Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey.","author":"Austin AE","unstructured":"Austin AE, Herrick HW. The effect of adverse childhood experiences on adult health: 2012 North Carolina Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey. SCHS Studies. North Carolina State Center for Health Statistics: 2014.","journal-title":"SCHS Studies"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","volume-title":"Four Factor Index of Social Status","author":"Hollingshead A.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hollingshead A.Four Factor Index of Social Status. New Haven, CT: Department of Sociology, Yale University; 1981."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324796abm2901_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114896"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(87)90047-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","first-page":"S67","article-title":"Tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use: racial and ethnic differences among U.S. high school seniors, 1976\u20132000.","volume":"117","author":"Wallace JM","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wallace JM, Bachman JG, O\u2019Malley PM, Johnston LD, Schulenberg JE, Cooper SM. Tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use: racial and ethnic differences among U.S. high school seniors, 1976\u20132000. Public Health Rep. 2002;117(suppl 1):S67\u2013S75.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","volume-title":"A User\u2019s Guide to MLwin","author":"Rasbash J","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rasbash J, Browne W, Goldstein H, Yang M, Plewis I, Healy M, Woodhouse G, Draper D, Langford I, Leviws T.A User\u2019s Guide to MLwin. London, UK: University of London, Institute of Education; 2000."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"Early childhood adversity and later hypertension: data from the World Mental Health Survey.","volume":"22","author":"Stein DJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stein DJ, Scott K, Haro Abad JM, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Angermeyer M, Demytteneare K, de Girolamo G, Iwata N, Posada-Villa J, Kovess V, Lara C, Ormel J, Kessler RC, Von Korff M. Early childhood adversity and later hypertension: data from the World Mental Health Survey. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2010;22:19\u201328.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610362104"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2003327"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.160"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00333.2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02755"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.2.330"}],"container-title":["Circulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T02:49:44Z","timestamp":1715568584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013104"}},"subtitle":["The Georgia Stress and Heart Study"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,12]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circulationaha.114.013104","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-7322","1524-4539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-7322","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4539","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-09-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-02-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-04-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}