{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T18:38:41Z","timestamp":1787855921727,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"17","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Current American and European guidelines emphasize the importance of rate-control treatments in treating atrial fibrillation with a Class I recommendation, although data on the survival benefits of rate control are lacking. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether patients receiving rate-control drugs had a better prognosis compared with those without rate-control treatment.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study used the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. There were 43\u2009879, 18\u2009466, and 38\u2009898 patients with atrial fibrillation enrolled in the groups receiving \u03b2-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin, respectively. The reference group consisted of 168\u2009678 subjects who did not receive any rate-control drug. The clinical end point was all-cause mortality. During a follow-up of 4.9\u00b13.7 years, mortality occurred in 88\u2009263 patients (32.7%). After adjustment for baseline differences, the risk of mortality was lower in patients receiving \u03b2-blockers (adjusted hazard ratio=0.76; 95% confidence interval=0.74\u20130.78) and calcium channel blockers (adjusted hazard ratio=0.93; 95% confidence interval=0.90\u20130.96) compared with those who did not receive rate-control medications. On the contrary, the digoxin group had a higher risk of mortality with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.12 (95% confidence interval=1.10\u20131.14). The results were observed consistently in subgroup analyses and among the cohorts after propensity matching.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In this nationwide atrial fibrillation cohort, the risk of mortality was lower for patients receiving rate-control treatment with \u03b2-blockers or calcium channel blockers, and the use of \u03b2-blockers was associated with the largest risk reduction. Digoxin use was associated with greater mortality. Prospective, randomized trials are necessary to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.114.013709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]],"date-time":"2015-09-18T01:03:31Z","timestamp":1442538211000},"page":"1604-1612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Rate-Control Treatment and Mortality in Atrial Fibrillation"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Tze-Fan","family":"Chao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (T.-F.C., T.-C.T., K.-L.W., Y.-J.L., S.-L.C., L.-W.L., Y.-F.H., C.-E.C., S.-A.C.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (C.-J.L.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (S.-J.C.), Department of Family Medicine (T.-J.C.), General Clinical Research Center (C.E.C.), and Department of Medical Research and Education (C.E.C.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Clinical Medicine and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Jen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (T.-F.C., T.-C.T., K.-L.W., Y.-J.L., S.-L.C., L.-W.L., Y.-F.H., C.-E.C., S.-A.C.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (C.-J.L.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (S.-J.C.), Department of Family Medicine (T.-J.C.), General Clinical Research Center (C.E.C.), and Department of Medical Research and Education (C.E.C.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Clinical Medicine and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ta-Chuan","family":"Tuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (T.-F.C., T.-C.T., K.-L.W., Y.-J.L., S.-L.C., L.-W.L., Y.-F.H., C.-E.C., S.-A.C.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (C.-J.L.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (S.-J.C.), Department of Family Medicine (T.-J.C.), General Clinical Research Center (C.E.C.), and Department of Medical Research and Education (C.E.C.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Clinical Medicine and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-Jung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (T.-F.C., T.-C.T., K.-L.W., Y.-J.L., S.-L.C., L.-W.L., Y.-F.H., C.-E.C., S.-A.C.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (C.-J.L.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (S.-J.C.), Department of Family Medicine (T.-J.C.), General Clinical Research Center (C.E.C.), and Department of Medical Research and Education (C.E.C.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Clinical Medicine and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang-Ling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (T.-F.C., T.-C.T., K.-L.W., Y.-J.L., S.-L.C., L.-W.L., Y.-F.H., C.-E.C., S.-A.C.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (C.-J.L.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (S.-J.C.), Department of Family Medicine (T.-J.C.), General Clinical Research Center (C.E.C.), and Department of Medical Research and Education (C.E.C.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Clinical Medicine and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yenn-Jiang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (T.-F.C., T.-C.T., K.-L.W., Y.-J.L., S.-L.C., L.-W.L., Y.-F.H., C.-E.C., S.-A.C.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (C.-J.L.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (S.-J.C.), Department of Family Medicine (T.-J.C.), General Clinical Research Center (C.E.C.), and Department of Medical Research and Education (C.E.C.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Clinical Medicine and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Lin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (T.-F.C., T.-C.T., K.-L.W., Y.-J.L., S.-L.C., L.-W.L., Y.-F.H., C.-E.C., S.-A.C.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (C.-J.L.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (S.-J.C.), Department of Family Medicine (T.-J.C.), General Clinical Research Center (C.E.C.), and Department of Medical Research and Education (C.E.C.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Clinical Medicine and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Wei","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (T.-F.C., T.-C.T., K.-L.W., Y.-J.L., S.-L.C., L.-W.L., Y.-F.H., C.-E.C., S.-A.C.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (C.-J.L.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (S.-J.C.), Department of Family Medicine (T.-J.C.), General Clinical Research Center (C.E.C.), and Department of Medical Research and Education (C.E.C.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Clinical Medicine and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Feng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (T.-F.C., T.-C.T., K.-L.W., Y.-J.L., S.-L.C., L.-W.L., Y.-F.H., C.-E.C., S.-A.C.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (C.-J.L.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (S.-J.C.), Department of Family Medicine (T.-J.C.), General Clinical Research Center (C.E.C.), and Department of Medical Research and Education (C.E.C.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Clinical Medicine and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzeng-Ji","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (T.-F.C., T.-C.T., K.-L.W., Y.-J.L., S.-L.C., L.-W.L., Y.-F.H., C.-E.C., S.-A.C.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (C.-J.L.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (S.-J.C.), Department of Family Medicine (T.-J.C.), General Clinical Research Center (C.E.C.), and Department of Medical Research and Education (C.E.C.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Clinical Medicine and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chern-En","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (T.-F.C., T.-C.T., K.-L.W., Y.-J.L., S.-L.C., L.-W.L., Y.-F.H., C.-E.C., S.-A.C.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (C.-J.L.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (S.-J.C.), Department of Family Medicine (T.-J.C.), General Clinical Research Center (C.E.C.), and Department of Medical Research and Education (C.E.C.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Clinical Medicine and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Ann","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (T.-F.C., T.-C.T., K.-L.W., Y.-J.L., S.-L.C., L.-W.L., Y.-F.H., C.-E.C., S.-A.C.), Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (C.-J.L.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine (S.-J.C.), Department of Family Medicine (T.-J.C.), General Clinical Research Center (C.E.C.), and Department of Medical Research and Education (C.E.C.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Clinical Medicine and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)01107-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021328"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021375"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00332-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euq350"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000000040"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"The evidence regarding the drugs used for ventricular rate control.","volume":"49","author":"Segal JB","year":"2000","unstructured":"Segal JB, McNamara RL, Miller MR, Kim N, Goodman SN, Powe NR, Robinson K, Yu D, Bass EB. The evidence regarding the drugs used for ventricular rate control. J Fam Pract. 2000;49:47\u201359.","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.01.192"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2008.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2087"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","first-page":"157","article-title":"Accuracy of diabetes diagnosis in health insurance claims data in Taiwan.","volume":"104","author":"Lin CC","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lin CC, Lai MS, Syu CY, Chang SC, Tseng FY. Accuracy of diabetes diagnosis in health insurance claims data in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 2005;104:157\u2013163.","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088721"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200501000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.71.936"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(96)00592-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.11.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000018605.14470"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.105.099903"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","first-page":"794","article-title":"Bisoprolol improved endothelial function and myocardium survival of hypertension with stable angina: a randomized double-blinded trial.","volume":"17","author":"Lin ZP","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lin ZP, Dong M, Liu J. Bisoprolol improved endothelial function and myocardium survival of hypertension with stable angina: a randomized double-blinded trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17:794\u2013801.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2011.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61373-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.15241"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu359"}],"container-title":["Circulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013709","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T06:49:37Z","timestamp":1715582977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013709"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circulationaha.114.013709","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-7322","1524-4539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-7322","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4539","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-10-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-08-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-09-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}