{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:38:39Z","timestamp":1791214719222,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Psychological stress is a proposed risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the sentinel stress-related mental disorder, occurs twice as frequently in women as men. However, whether PTSD contributes to CVD risk in women is not established.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms in relation to incident CVD over a 20-year period in 49\u2009978 women in the Nurses\u2019 Health Study II. Proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for CVD events confirmed by additional information or medical record review (n=548, including myocardial infarction [n=277] and stroke [n=271]). Trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms were assessed by using the Brief Trauma Questionnaire and a PTSD screen. In comparison with no trauma exposure, endorsing \u22654 PTSD symptoms was associated with increased CVD risk after adjusting for age, family history, and childhood factors (hazard ratio,1.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.20\u20132.13). Being trauma-exposed and endorsing no PTSD symptoms was associated with elevated CVD risk (hazard ratio, 1.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.15\u20131.83), although being trauma-exposed and endorsing 1 to 3 PTSD symptoms was not. After adjusting for adult health behaviors and medical risk factors, this pattern of findings was maintained. Health behaviors and medical risk factors accounted for 14% of the trauma\/no symptoms\u2013CVD association and 47% of the trauma\/4+ symptoms\u2013CVD association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trauma exposure and elevated PTSD symptoms may increase the risk of CVD in this population of women. These findings suggest that screening for CVD risk and reducing health risk behaviors in trauma-exposed women may be promising avenues for prevention and intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.114.014492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,29]],"date-time":"2015-06-29T22:55:51Z","timestamp":1435618551000},"page":"251-259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":269,"title":["Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Predict Onset of Cardiovascular Events in Women"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Sumner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (J.A.S., M.S.V.E., M.C., S.F.S., K.C.K.); Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.D.K., A.L.R., J.A.-B., K.C.K.); Department of Neurology, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (Q.C.); Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura D.","family":"Kubzansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (J.A.S., M.S.V.E., M.C., S.F.S., K.C.K.); Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.D.K., A.L.R., J.A.-B., K.C.K.); Department of Neurology, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (Q.C.); Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell S.V.","family":"Elkind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (J.A.S., M.S.V.E., M.C., S.F.S., K.C.K.); Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.D.K., A.L.R., J.A.-B., K.C.K.); Department of Neurology, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (Q.C.); Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (J.A.S., M.S.V.E., M.C., S.F.S., K.C.K.); Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.D.K., A.L.R., J.A.-B., K.C.K.); Department of Neurology, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (Q.C.); Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Agnew-Blais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (J.A.S., M.S.V.E., M.C., S.F.S., K.C.K.); Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.D.K., A.L.R., J.A.-B., K.C.K.); Department of Neurology, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (Q.C.); Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qixuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (J.A.S., M.S.V.E., M.C., S.F.S., K.C.K.); Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.D.K., A.L.R., J.A.-B., K.C.K.); Department of Neurology, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (Q.C.); Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Cerd\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (J.A.S., M.S.V.E., M.C., S.F.S., K.C.K.); Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.D.K., A.L.R., J.A.-B., K.C.K.); Department of Neurology, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (Q.C.); Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn M.","family":"Rexrode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (J.A.S., M.S.V.E., M.C., S.F.S., K.C.K.); Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.D.K., A.L.R., J.A.-B., K.C.K.); Department of Neurology, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (M.S.V.E.); Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (Q.C.); Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet W.","family":"Rich-Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (J.A.S., M.S.V.E., M.C., S.F.S., K.C.K.); 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