{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:59:52Z","timestamp":1791467992504,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Whether knowledge of genetic risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) affects health-related outcomes is unknown. We investigated whether incorporating a genetic risk score (GRS) in CHD risk estimates lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Participants (n=203, 45\u201365 years of age, at intermediate risk for CHD, and not on statins) were randomly assigned to receive their 10-year probability of CHD based either on a conventional risk score (CRS) or CRS + GRS (\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              GRS). Participants in the\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              GRS group were stratified as having high or average\/low GRS. Risk was disclosed by a genetic counselor followed by shared decision making regarding statin therapy with a physician. We compared the primary end point of LDL-C levels at 6 months and assessed whether any differences were attributable to changes in dietary fat intake, physical activity levels, or statin use. Participants (mean age, 59.4\u00b15 years; 48% men; mean 10-year CHD risk, 8.5\u00b14.1%) were allocated to receive either CRS (n=100) or\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              GRS (n=103). At the end of the study period, the\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              GRS group had a lower LDL-C than the CRS group (96.5\u00b132.7 versus 105.9\u00b133.3 mg\/dL;\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.04). Participants with high GRS had lower LDL-C levels (92.3\u00b132.9 mg\/dL) than CRS participants (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.02) but not participants with low GRS (100.9\u00b132.2 mg\/dL;\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.18). Statins were initiated more often in the\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              GRS group than in the CRS group (39% versus 22%,\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.01). No significant differences in dietary fat intake and physical activity levels were noted.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Disclosure of CHD risk estimates that incorporated genetic risk information led to lower LDL-C levels than disclosure of CHD risk based on conventional risk factors alone.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              URL:\n              <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\">http:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n              . Unique identifier: NCT01936675.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.115.020109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]],"date-time":"2016-02-26T04:09:54Z","timestamp":1456459794000},"page":"1181-1188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":269,"title":["Incorporating a Genetic Risk Score Into Coronary Heart Disease Risk Estimates"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Iftikhar J.","family":"Kullo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayan","family":"Jouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin E.","family":"Austin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry-Ann","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa M.","family":"Kruisselbrink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iyad N.","family":"Isseh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raad A.","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq S.","family":"Marroush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khader","family":"Shameer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet E.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Broeckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Schaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor M.","family":"Montori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.E.O., D.J.S., K.R.B.); Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (U.B.); Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.C.G.); and Knowledge and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kent R.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K., H.J., E.E.A., S.-A.B., T.M.K., I.N.I., R.A.H., T.S.M., K.S.); 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