{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:45:41Z","timestamp":1791927941745,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity independently increase the risk of heart failure by incompletely understood mechanisms. We propose that hyperinsulinemia might promote adverse consequences in the hearts of subjects with type-2 DM and obesity.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              High-fat diet feeding was used to induce obesity and DM in wild-type mice or mice lacking \u03b2\n              <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n              -adrenergic receptor (\u03b2\n              <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n              AR) or \u03b2-arrestin2. Wild-type mice fed with high-fat diet were treated with a \u03b2-blocker carvedilol or a GRK2 (G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2) inhibitor. We examined signaling and cardiac contractile function.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              High-fat diet feeding selectively increases the expression of phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) in mouse hearts, in concert with reduced protein kinase A phosphorylation of phospholamban, which contributes to systolic and diastolic dysfunction. The expression of PDE4D is also elevated in human hearts with DM. The induction of PDE4D expression is mediated by an insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate, and GRK2 and \u03b2-arrestin2-dependent transactivation of a \u03b2\n              <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n              AR-extracellular regulated protein kinase signaling cascade. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of \u03b2\n              <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n              AR or GRK2, or genetic deletion of \u03b2\n              <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n              AR or \u03b2-arrestin2, all significantly attenuate insulin-induced phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinase and PDE4D induction to prevent DM-related contractile dysfunction.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              These studies elucidate a novel mechanism by which hyperinsulinemia contributes to heart failure by increasing PDE4D expression and identify \u03b2\n              <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n              AR or GRK2 as plausible therapeutic targets for preventing or treating heart failure in subjects with type 2 DM.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.116.022281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,5]],"date-time":"2016-11-05T02:19:42Z","timestamp":1478312382000},"page":"73-88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Inhibiting Insulin-Mediated \u03b2\n            <sub>2<\/sub>\n            -Adrenergic Receptor Activation Prevents Diabetes-Associated Cardiac Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Qingtong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (Q.W., Y.L., Q.F., B.X., S.K., R.T., F.B., T.W., Y.K.X); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China (Q.W, W.W.); Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Y.L.); Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (Q.W., Y.L., Q.F., B.X., S.K., R.T., F.B., T.W., Y.K.X); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China (Q.W, W.W.); Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Y.L.); Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (Q.W., Y.L., Q.F., B.X., S.K., R.T., F.B., T.W., Y.K.X); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China (Q.W, W.W.); Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Y.L.); Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (Q.W., Y.L., Q.F., B.X., S.K., R.T., F.B., T.W., Y.K.X); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China (Q.W, W.W.); Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Y.L.); Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (Q.W., Y.L., Q.F., B.X., S.K., R.T., F.B., T.W., Y.K.X); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China (Q.W, W.W.); Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Y.L.); Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungjin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (Q.W., Y.L., Q.F., B.X., S.K., R.T., F.B., T.W., Y.K.X); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China (Q.W, W.W.); Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Y.L.); Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruensern","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (Q.W., Y.L., Q.F., B.X., S.K., R.T., F.B., T.W., Y.K.X); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China (Q.W, W.W.); Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Y.L.); Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Barbagallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (Q.W., Y.L., Q.F., B.X., S.K., R.T., F.B., T.W., Y.K.X); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China (Q.W, W.W.); Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Y.L.); Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toni","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (Q.W., Y.L., Q.F., B.X., S.K., R.T., F.B., T.W., Y.K.X); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China (Q.W, W.W.); Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Y.L.); Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (Q.W., Y.L., Q.F., B.X., S.K., R.T., F.B., T.W., Y.K.X); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China (Q.W, W.W.); Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Y.L.); Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis (Q.W., Y.L., Q.F., B.X., S.K., R.T., F.B., T.W., Y.K.X); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China (Q.W, W.W.); Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Y.L.); Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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