{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T12:18:34Z","timestamp":1792498714436,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"21","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Millions of individuals have used illicit anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), but the long-term cardiovascular associations of these drugs remain incompletely understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using a cross-sectional cohort design, we recruited 140 experienced male weightlifters 34 to 54 years of age, comprising 86 men reporting \u22652 years of cumulative lifetime AAS use and 54 nonusing men. Using transthoracic echocardiography and coronary computed tomography angiography, we assessed 3 primary outcome measures: left ventricular (LV) systolic function (left ventricular ejection fraction), LV diastolic function (early relaxation velocity), and coronary atherosclerosis (coronary artery plaque volume).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with nonusers, AAS users demonstrated relatively reduced LV systolic function (mean\u00b1SD left ventricular ejection fraction = 52\u00b111% versus 63\u00b18%;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001) and diastolic function (early relaxation velocity = 9.3\u00b12.4 cm\/second versus 11.1\u00b12.0 cm\/second;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001). Users currently taking AAS at the time of evaluation (N=58) showed significantly reduced LV systolic (left ventricular ejection fraction = 49\u00b110% versus 58\u00b110%;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001) and diastolic function (early relaxation velocity = 8.9\u00b12.4 cm\/second versus 10.1\u00b12.4 cm\/second;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.035) compared with users currently off-drug (N=28). In addition, AAS users demonstrated higher coronary artery plaque volume than nonusers (median [interquartile range] 3 [0, 174] mL<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>versus 0 [0, 69] mL<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.012). Lifetime AAS dose was strongly associated with coronary atherosclerotic burden (increase [95% confidence interval] in rank of plaque volume for each 10-year increase in cumulative duration of AAS use: 0.60 SD units [0.16\u20131.03 SD units];<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.008).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Long-term AAS use appears to be associated with myocardial dysfunction and accelerated coronary atherosclerosis. These forms of AAS-associated adverse cardiovascular phenotypes may represent a previously underrecognized public-health problem.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.116.026945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,22]],"date-time":"2017-05-22T20:15:51Z","timestamp":1495484151000},"page":"1991-2002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":337,"title":["Cardiovascular Toxicity of Illicit Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Aaron L.","family":"Baggish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From Cardiovascular Performance Program, Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.L.B., R.B.W.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.L.B., R.B.W.); Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA (G.K., J.I.H., H.G.P.); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.K., J.I.H., H.G.P.); Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rory B.","family":"Weiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Cardiovascular Performance Program, Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.L.B., R.B.W.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.L.B., R.B.W.); Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA (G.K., J.I.H., H.G.P.); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.K., J.I.H., H.G.P.); Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gen","family":"Kanayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Cardiovascular Performance Program, Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.L.B., R.B.W.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.L.B., R.B.W.); Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA (G.K., J.I.H., H.G.P.); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.K., J.I.H., H.G.P.); Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James I.","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Cardiovascular Performance Program, Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.L.B., R.B.W.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.L.B., R.B.W.); Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA (G.K., J.I.H., H.G.P.); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.K., J.I.H., H.G.P.); Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Cardiovascular Performance Program, Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.L.B., R.B.W.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.L.B., R.B.W.); Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA (G.K., J.I.H., H.G.P.); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.K., J.I.H., H.G.P.); Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udo","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Cardiovascular Performance Program, Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.L.B., R.B.W.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.L.B., R.B.W.); Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA (G.K., J.I.H., H.G.P.); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.K., J.I.H., H.G.P.); Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Harrison G.","family":"Pope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From Cardiovascular Performance Program, Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.L.B., R.B.W.); Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.L.B., R.B.W.); Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA (G.K., J.I.H., H.G.P.); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (G.K., J.I.H., H.G.P.); Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2013.12118.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(88)91390-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6726.750-c"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(92)90620-B"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2011.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434080-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03420080085036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.11.2_Pt_2.I93"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"H866","article-title":"Effects of sex hormones on development of physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy in male and female rats.","volume":"259","author":"Malhotra A","year":"1990","unstructured":"Malhotra A, Buttrick P, Scheuer J. 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