{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:33:54Z","timestamp":1793046834702,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Some studies report that women are less likely to present with chest pain for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Information on symptom presentation, perception of symptoms, and care-seeking behaviors is limited for young patients with AMI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We interviewed 2009 women and 976 men aged 18 to 55 years hospitalized for AMI at 103 US hospitals participating in the VIRGO study (Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of Young AMI Patients). Structured patient interviews during the index AMI hospitalization were used to collect information on symptom presentation, perception of symptoms, and care-seeking behaviors. We compared patient characteristics and presentation information by sex. Multivariable hierarchical logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between sex and symptom presentation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The majority of women (87.0%) and men (89.5%) presented with chest pain (defined as pain, pressure, tightness, or discomfort). Women were more likely to present with \u22653 associated symptoms than men (eg, epigastric symptoms, palpitations, and pain or discomfort in the jaw, neck, arms, or between the shoulder blades; 61.9% for women versus 54.8% for men,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). In adjusted analyses, women with an ST-segment\u2013elevation AMI were more likely than men to present without chest pain (odds ratio, 1.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.03\u20132.22). In comparison with men, women were more likely to perceive symptoms as stress\/anxiety (20.9% versus 11.8%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001) but less likely to attribute symptoms to muscle pain (15.4% versus 21.2%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.029). Approximately 29.5% of women and 22.1% of men sought medical care for similar symptoms before their hospitalization (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001); however, 53% of women reported that their provider did not think these symptoms were heart-related in comparison with 37% of men (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The presentation of AMI symptoms was similar for young women and men, with chest pain as the predominant symptom for both sexes. Women presented with a greater number of additional non\u2013chest pain symptoms regardless of the presence of chest pain, and both women and their healthcare providers were less likely to attribute their prodromal symptoms to heart disease in comparison with men.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.117.031650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,19]],"date-time":"2018-02-19T14:10:37Z","timestamp":1519049437000},"page":"781-790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":368,"title":["Sex Differences in the Presentation and Perception of Symptoms Among Young Patients With Myocardial Infarction"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Judith H.","family":"Lichtman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology (J.H.L., E.C.L.)"},{"name":"Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, CT (J.H.L., H.B., H.M.K., N.P.L.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica C.","family":"Leifheit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology (J.H.L., E.C.L.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basmah","family":"Safdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine (B.S., G.D\u2019O.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haikun","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, CT (J.H.L., H.B., H.M.K., N.P.L.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harlan M.","family":"Krumholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management (H.M.K.)"},{"name":"Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, CT (J.H.L., H.B., H.M.K., N.P.L.)"},{"name":"Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.K.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy P.","family":"Lorenze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, CT (J.H.L., H.B., H.M.K., N.P.L.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitra","family":"Daneshvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.D.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Spertus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Luke\u2019s Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (J.A.S.)"},{"name":"University of Missouri\u2013Kansas City (J.A.S.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail","family":"D\u2019Onofrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine (B.S., 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from the VIRGO Study (Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of Young AMI Patients)"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,20]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circulationaha.117.031650","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.732715388.793552947","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0009-7322","1524-4539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-7322","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4539","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-09-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-12-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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