{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:11:32Z","timestamp":1791850292440,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Smoke-free legislation has been associated with lower rates of cardiovascular disease hospital admissions in ecological studies. However, prior studies lacked detailed information on individual-level factors (eg, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics) that could potentially confound associations. Our objective was to estimate associations of smoke-free policies with incident cardiovascular disease in a longitudinal cohort after controlling for sociodemographics, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and policy covariates.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Longitudinal data from 3783 black and white adults in the CARDIA study (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; 1995\u20132015) were linked to state, county, and local 100% smoke-free policies in bars, restaurants, and nonhospitality workplaces by Census tract. Extended Cox regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) of incident cardiovascular disease associated with time-dependent smoke-free policy exposures. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, cardiovascular disease risk factors, state cigarette tax, participant-reported presence of a smoking ban at their workplace, field center, and metropolitan statistical area poverty.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>During a median follow-up of 20 years (68\u2009332 total person-years), 172 participants had an incident cardiovascular disease event (2.5 per 1000 person-years). Over the follow-up period, 80% of participants lived in areas with smoke-free policies in restaurants, 67% in bars, and 65% in nonhospitality workplaces. In fully adjusted models, participants living in an area with a restaurant, bar, or workplace smoke-free policy had a lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease compared with those in areas without smoke-free policies (HR, 0.75, 95% confidence interval, 0.49\u20131.15; HR, 0.76, 95% confidence interval, 0.47\u20131.24; HR, 0.54, 95% confidence interval, 0.34\u20130.86, respectively; HR, 0.58, 95% confidence interval, 0.33\u20131.00 for living in an area with all 3 types of policies compared with none). The estimated preventive fraction was 25% for restaurant policies, 24% for bar policies, and 46% for workplace policies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Consistent with prior ecological studies, these individual-based data add to the evidence that 100% smoke-free policies are associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease among middle-aged adults.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.117.032302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,7]],"date-time":"2018-05-07T09:20:11Z","timestamp":1525684811000},"page":"557-566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Longitudinal Associations of Smoke-Free Policies and Incident Cardiovascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Stephanie L.","family":"Mayne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.L.M., A.J.C., K.N.K.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Widome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneap-olis (R.W., P.J.S., D.R.J.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison J.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.L.M., A.J.C., K.N.K.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela J.","family":"Schreiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneap-olis (R.W., P.J.S., D.R.J.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penny","family":"Gordon-Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Public Health, Chapel Hill (P.G.-L.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"David R.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneap-olis (R.W., P.J.S., D.R.J.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiarri N.","family":"Kershaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.L.M., A.J.C., K.N.K.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"The Health Consequences of Smoking \u2013 50 Years of Progress. 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