{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:24:19Z","timestamp":1790555059845,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on the development of peripheral artery disease (PAD) remains unclear. We investigated whether HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of PAD after adjustment for traditional atherosclerotic risk factors in a large cohort of HIV-infected (HIV+) and demographically similar HIV-uninfected veterans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied participants in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study from April 1, 2003 through December 31, 2014. We excluded participants with known prior PAD or prevalent cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary heart disease, and congestive heart failure) and analyzed the effect of HIV status on the risk of incident PAD events after adjusting for demographics, PAD risk factors, substance use, CD4 cell count, HIV-1 ribonucleic acid, and antiretroviral therapy. The primary outcome is incident peripheral artery disease events. Secondary outcomes include mortality and amputation in subjects with incident PAD events by HIV infection status, viral load, and CD4 count.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 91 953 participants, over a median follow up of 9.0 years, there were 7708 incident PAD events. Rates of incident PAD events per 1000 person-years were higher among HIV+ (11.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 11.5\u201312.4) than uninfected veterans (9.9; 95% CI, 9.6\u201310.1). After adjustment for demographics, PAD risk factors, and other covariates, HIV+ veterans had an increased risk of incident PAD events compared with uninfected veterans (hazard ratio [HR], 1.19; 95% CI, 1.13\u20131.25). This risk was highest among those with time-updated HIV viral load &gt;500 copies\/mL (HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.38\u20131.65) and CD4 cell counts &lt;200 cells\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      (HR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.71\u20132.13). In contrast, HIV+ veterans with time updated CD4 cell count \u2265500 cells\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      had no increased risk of PAD (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.96\u20131.11). Mortality rates after incident PAD events are high regardless of HIV status. HIV infection did not affect rates of amputation after incident PAD events.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Infection with HIV is associated with a 19% increased risk of PAD beyond that explained by traditional atherosclerotic risk factors. However, for those with sustained CD4 cell counts &lt;200 cells\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      , the risk of incident PAD events is nearly 2-fold higher whereas for those with sustained CD4 cell counts \u2265500 cells\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      there is no excess risk of incident PAD events compared with uninfected people.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.117.032647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]],"date-time":"2018-03-13T05:30:15Z","timestamp":1520919015000},"page":"255-265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Association of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Risk of Peripheral Artery Disease"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Joshua A.","family":"Beckman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (J.A.B., M.S.D., M.S.F.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith S.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (J.A.B., M.S.D., M.S.F.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles W.","family":"Alcorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA (C.W.A.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaku","family":"So-Armah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (K.S.-A.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeel A.","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (A.A.B.)."},{"name":"Veterans Association Pittsburgh Healthcare System, PA (A.A.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew Bidwell","family":"Goetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California (M.B.G.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilary A.","family":"Tindle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (H.A.T.)."},{"name":"Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville (H.A.T., M.S.F.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason J.","family":"Sico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health Care System, West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center (J.J.S, A.C.J.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russel P.","family":"Tracy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington (R.P.T.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy C.","family":"Justice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health Care System, West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center (J.J.S, A.C.J.)."},{"name":"Yale University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, New Haven, CT (A.C.J.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew 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