{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:39:12Z","timestamp":1791563952038,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases cardiovascular risk. Underlying mechanisms, however, remain obscure. The uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate is an independent cardiovascular risk factor in CKD. We explored the potential impact of indoxyl sulfate on proinflammatory activation of macrophages and its underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined in vitro the effects of clinically relevant concentrations of indoxyl sulfate on proinflammatory responses of macrophages and the roles of organic anion transporters and organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs). A systems approach, involving unbiased global proteomics, bioinformatics, and network analysis, then explored potential key pathways. To address the role of Delta-like 4 (Dll4) in indoxyl sulfate\u2013induced macrophage activation and atherogenesis in CKD in vivo, we used 5\/6 nephrectomy and Dll4 antibody in low-density lipoprotein receptor\u2013deficient (Ldlr-\/-) mice. To further determine the relative contribution of OATP2B1 or Dll4 to proinflammatory activation of macrophages and atherogenesis in vivo, we used siRNA delivered by macrophage-targeted lipid nanoparticles in mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that indoxyl sulfate\u2013induced proinflammatory macrophage activation is mediated by its uptake through transporters, including OATP2B1, encoded by the SLCO2B1 gene. The global proteomics identified potential mechanisms, including Notch signaling and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, that mediate indoxyl sulfate-triggered proinflammatory macrophage activation. We chose the Notch pathway as an example of key candidates for validation of our target discovery platform and for further mechanistic studies. As predicted computationally, indoxyl sulfate triggered Notch signaling, which was preceded by the rapid induction of Dll4 protein. Dll4 induction may result from inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, via the deubiquitinating enzyme USP5. In mice, macrophage-targeted OATP2B1\/Slco2b1 silencing and Dll4 antibody inhibited proinflammatory activation of peritoneal macrophages induced by indoxyl sulfate. In low-density lipoprotein receptor\u2013deficient mice, Dll4 antibody abolished atherosclerotic lesion development accelerated in Ldlr-\/- mice. Moreover, coadministration of indoxyl sulfate and OATP2B1\/Slco2b1 or Dll4 siRNA encapsulated in macrophage-targeted lipid nanoparticles in Ldlr-\/- mice suppressed lesion development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggest that novel crosstalk between OATP2B1 and Dll4-Notch signaling in macrophages mediates indoxyl sulfate\u2013induced vascular inflammation in CKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.118.034588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]],"date-time":"2018-12-28T14:00:47Z","timestamp":1546005647000},"page":"78-96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":210,"title":["Uremic Toxin Indoxyl Sulfate Promotes Proinflammatory Macrophage Activation Via the Interplay of OATP2B1 and Dll4-Notch Signaling"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Toshiaki","family":"Nakano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (T.N., S.K., M.C., D.V.S.P., A.S.T.K., R.K.K., W.S.G., M.S.B., G.C.G., E.A., M.A.), Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Katsuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (T.N., S.K., M.C., D.V.S.P., A.S.T.K., R.K.K., W.S.G., M.S.B., G.C.G., E.A., M.A.), Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology (T.N., S.K., M.C., D.V.S.P., A.S.T.K., R.K.K., W.S.G., M.S.B., G.C.G., E.A., M.A.), Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius L.","family":"Decano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (J.L.D., A.H., L.H.L., H.H., T.M., H.I., A.S., S.A.S., E.A., M.A.), Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arda","family":"Halu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (J.L.D., A.H., L.H.L., H.H., T.M., H.I., A.S., S.A.S., E.A., M.A.), Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA."},{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine (A.H., A.-L.B., A.S., M.A.), Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lang Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (J.L.D., A.H., L.H.L., H.H., T.M., H.I., A.S., S.A.S., E.A., M.A.), Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego V. 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