{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T03:44:14Z","timestamp":1783568654250,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"25","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There is uncertainty about the relevance of animal foods to the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease (IHD). We examined meat, fish, dairy products, and eggs and risk for IHD in the pan-European EPIC cohort (European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In this prospective study of 409\u2009885 men and women in 9 European countries, diet was assessed with validated questionnaires and calibrated with 24-hour recalls. Lipids and blood pressure were measured in a subsample. During a mean of 12.6 years of follow-up, 7198 participants had a myocardial infarction or died of IHD. The relationships of animal foods with risk were examined with Cox regression with adjustment for other animal foods and relevant covariates.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The hazard ratio (HR) for IHD was 1.19 (95% CI, 1.06\u20131.33) for a 100-g\/d increment in intake of red and processed meat, and this remained significant after exclusion of the first 4 years of follow-up (HR, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.09\u20131.42]). Risk was inversely associated with intakes of yogurt (HR, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.89\u20130.98] per 100-g\/d increment), cheese (HR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.86\u20130.98] per 30-g\/d increment), and eggs (HR, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.88\u20130.99] per 20-g\/d increment); the associations with yogurt and eggs were attenuated and nonsignificant after exclusion of the first 4 years of follow-up. Risk was not significantly associated with intakes of poultry, fish, or milk. In analyses modeling dietary substitutions, replacement of 100 kcal\/d from red and processed meat with 100 kcal\/d from fatty fish, yogurt, cheese, or eggs was associated with \u224820% lower risk of IHD. Consumption of red and processed meat was positively associated with serum non\u2013high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and systolic blood pressure, and consumption of cheese was inversely associated with serum non\u2013high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Risk for IHD was positively associated with consumption of red and processed meat and inversely associated with consumption of yogurt, cheese, and eggs, although the associations with yogurt and eggs may be influenced by reverse causation bias. It is not clear whether the associations with red and processed meat and cheese reflect causality, but they were consistent with the associations of these foods with plasma non\u2013high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and for red and processed meat with systolic blood pressure, which could mediate such effects.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.118.038813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T09:00:17Z","timestamp":1555923617000},"page":"2835-2845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"title":["Consumption of Meat, Fish, Dairy Products, and Eggs and Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Key","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (T.J.K., P.N.A., K.E.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul N.","family":"Appleby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (T.J.K., P.N.A., K.E.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Bradbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (T.J.K., P.N.A., K.E.B.)."},{"name":"National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, New Zealand (K.E.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Sweeting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council\/British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (M. Sweeting, A.W., E.d.A., A.B., J.D.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council\/British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (M. Sweeting, A.W., E.d.A., A.B., J.D.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingegerd","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontology, Ume\u00e5 University, Sweden (I.J.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tilman","family":"K\u00fchn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Cancer Research Center, Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg (T.K., V. Katzke)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marinka","family":"Steur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, United Kingdom (M. Steur, C.L., N.F., N.W.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabete","family":"Weiderpass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitetet i Troms\u00f8, Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8 (E.W., G.S.)."},{"name":"Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo (E.W.)."},{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (E.W.)."},{"name":"Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkh\u00e4lsan Research Center, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland (E.W.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Wennberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research, Ume\u00e5 University, Sweden (M.W.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Mette","family":"Lund W\u00fcrtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark (A.M.L.W., K.O.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Agudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology\u2013Institut d'Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e9dica de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain (A.A.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Research Unit Skellefte\u00e5, Ume\u00e5 University, Sweden (J.A.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larraitz","family":"Arriola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Instituto BIO\u2013Donostia, Basque Government, San Sebastian, Spain (L.A.)."},{"name":"CIBER (Biomedical Research Networking Centres) de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica, Madrid, Spain (L.A., J.M.H.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiner","family":"Boeing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbr\u00fccke (H.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanda M.A.","family":"Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (J.M.A.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Bonnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESP, INSERM (Centre de recherche en Epid\u00e9miologie et Sant\u00e9 des Populations, 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J.","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (A.J.C., E.R.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrika","family":"Ericson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6, Lund University, Malm\u00f6, Sweden (U.E., E.S.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Fagherazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESP, INSERM (Centre de recherche en Epid\u00e9miologie et Sant\u00e9 des Populations, Institut national de la sant\u00e9 et de la recherche m\u00e9dicale) U1018, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Sud, UVSQ, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Villejuif Cedex, France (F.B., M.-C.B.-R., G.F.)."},{"name":"Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, Paris, France (F.B., M.-C.B.-R., 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