{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:49:14Z","timestamp":1791326954700,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"25","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spontaneous deep intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating subtype of stroke without specific treatments. It has been thought that smooth muscle cell (SMC) degeneration at the site of arteriolar wall rupture may be sufficient to cause hemorrhage. However, deep ICHs are rare in some aggressive small vessel diseases that are characterized by significant arteriolar SMC degeneration. Here we hypothesized that a second cellular defect may be required for the occurrence of ICH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We studied a genetic model of spontaneous deep ICH using\n                      <jats:italic>Col4a1<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>+\/G498V<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Col4a1<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>+\/G1064D<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      mouse lines that are mutated for the \u03b11 chain of collagen type IV. We analyzed cerebroretinal microvessels, performed genetic rescue experiments, vascular reactivity analysis, and computational modeling. We examined postmortem brain tissues from patients with sporadic deep ICH.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified in the normal cerebroretinal vasculature a novel segment between arterioles and capillaries, herein called the transitional segment (TS), which is covered by mural cells distinct from SMCs and pericytes. In\n                      <jats:italic>Col4a1<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutant mice, this TS was hypermuscularized, with a hyperplasia of mural cells expressing more contractile proteins, whereas the upstream arteriole exhibited a loss of SMCs. TSs mechanistically showed a transient increase in proliferation of mural cells during postnatal maturation. Mutant brain microvessels, unlike mutant arteries, displayed a significant upregulation of SM genes and\n                      <jats:italic>Notch3<\/jats:italic>\n                      target genes, and genetic reduction of\n                      <jats:italic>Notch3<\/jats:italic>\n                      in\n                      <jats:italic>Col4a1<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>+\/G498V<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      mice protected against ICH. Retina analysis showed that hypermuscularization of the TS was attenuated, but arteriolar SMC loss was unchanged in\n                      <jats:italic>Col4a1<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>+\/G498V<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Notch3<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>+\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      mice. Moreover, hypermuscularization of the retinal TS increased its contractility and tone and raised the intravascular pressure in the upstream feeding arteriole. We similarly found hypermuscularization of the TS and focal arteriolar SMC loss in brain tissues from patients with sporadic deep ICH.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results suggest that hypermuscularization of the TS, through increased Notch3 activity, is involved in the occurrence of ICH in\n                      <jats:italic>Col4a1<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutant mice, by raising the intravascular pressure in the upstream feeding arteriole and promoting its rupture at the site of SMC loss. Our human data indicate that these 2 mutually reinforcing vascular defects may represent a general mechanism of deep ICH.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.119.040963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T08:06:19Z","timestamp":1584518779000},"page":"2078-2094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Reducing Hypermuscularization of the Transitional Segment Between Arterioles and Capillaries Protects Against Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"Julien","family":"Ratelade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris (IPNP), Inserm U1266, University of Paris, France (J.R., M.K.S.C.A., V.D-D., A.J.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas R.","family":"Klug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington (N.R.K., F.D., M.T.N., A.J.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damiano","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inria Paris, Sorbonne University, Laboratory Jacques-Louis Lions, France (D.L., J.-F.G.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monara Kaelle Servulo Cruz","family":"Angelim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris (IPNP), Inserm U1266, University of Paris, France (J.R., M.K.S.C.A., V.D-D., A.J.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Dabertrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington (N.R.K., F.D., M.T.N., A.J.)."},{"name":"Department of 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