{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T01:21:27Z","timestamp":1787793687142,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              We investigated the joint associations of habitual physical activity (PA) and long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM\n              <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n              ) with the development of hypertension in a longitudinal cohort in Taiwan.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              We selected 140 072 adults (\u226518 years of age) without hypertension who joined a standard medical screening program with 360 905 medical examinations between 2001 and 2016. PM\n              <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n              exposure was estimated at each participant\u2019s address using a satellite data-based spatiotemporal model with 1 km\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n              resolution. Information on habitual PA and a wide range of covariates was collected using a standard self-administered questionnaire. We used the Cox regression model with time-dependent covariates to examine the joint associations.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              The mean age of all observations was 41.7 years, and 48.8% were male. The mean value for systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 112.5 and 68.7mm Hg, respectively. Approximately 34.2% of all observations were inactive (0 metabolic equivalence values-hours), 29.8% had moderate-PA (median [interquartile range]; 3.75 [3.38 to 4.38] metabolic equivalence values-hours), and 36.0% had high-PA (15.7 [10.3 to 24.8] metabolic equivalence values-hours). The mean\u00b1SD of PM\n              <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n              was 26.1\u00b17.3 \u03bcg\/m\n              <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n              . The prevalence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and cancer was 2.1%, 2.9%, and 1.5%, respectively. After adjusting for a wide range of covariates (including a mutual adjustment for PA or PM\n              <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n              ), a higher PA level was associated with a lower risk of hypertension (hazard ratio [HR] for the moderate- and high-PA was 0.93 [95% CI, 0.89\u20130.97] and 0.92 [95% CI, 0.88\u20130.96], respectively, as compared with the inactive-PA), whereas a higher level of PM\n              <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n              was associated with a higher risk of hypertension (HR for the moderate- and high-PM\n              <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n              was 1.37 [95% CI, 1.32\u20131.43] and 1.92 [95% CI, 1.81\u20132.04], respectively, as compared with the low-PM\n              <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n              group]. No significant interaction was observed between PA and PM\n              <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n              (HR 1.01 [95% CI, 1.00\u20131.02]).\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              A high-PA and low PM\n              <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n              exposure were associated with a lower risk of hypertension. The negative association between PA and hypertension remained stable in people exposed to various levels of PM\n              <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n              , and the positive association between PM\n              <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n              and hypertension was not modified by PA. Our results indicated that PA is a suitable hypertension prevention strategy for people residing in relatively polluted regions.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.120.045915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T09:01:12Z","timestamp":1595235672000},"page":"645-656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Independent and Opposing Associations of Habitual Exercise and Chronic PM\n            <sub>2.5<\/sub>\n            Exposures on Hypertension Incidence"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"Cui","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, China (C.G., Y.Z., Y.B., X.Q.L.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiqian","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, China (C.G., Y.Z., Y.B., X.Q.L.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ly-yun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (L.C.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zengli","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China (Z.Y.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yacong","family":"Bo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, China (C.G., Y.Z., Y.B., X.Q.L.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environment and Sustainability, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China (C.L., A.K.H.L.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis KH","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environment and Sustainability, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China (C.L., A.K.H.L.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, China (T.T.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2645-0128","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiang Qian","family":"Lao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Guangdong, China (X.Q.L.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31919-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32366-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12384"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408698"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60749-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2466"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1702747"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32643-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa071535"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-306993"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001632"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07597-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2017.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz184"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201510-2036OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 9 out of 10 people worldwide breathe polluted air but more countries are taking action. 2018. 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