{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:35:55Z","timestamp":1789684555727,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664841600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are no evidence-based recommendations on the optimal time point to initiate non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) after acute ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of early versus delayed initiation of NOAC in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TIMING (Timing of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke With Atrial Fibrillation) was a registry-based, randomized, noninferiority, open-label, blinded end-point study at 34 stroke units using the Swedish Stroke Register for enrollment and follow-up. Within 72 hours from stroke onset, patients were randomized to early (\u22644 days) or delayed (5\u201310 days) NOAC initiation, with choice of NOAC at the investigators\u2019 discretion. The primary outcome was the composite of recurrent ischemic stroke, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, or all-cause mortality at 90 days. The prespecified noninferiority margin was 3%. Secondary outcomes included the individual components of the primary outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Between April 2, 2017, and December 30, 2020, 888 patients were randomized to either early (n=450) or delayed (n=438) initiation of NOAC. No patient was lost to 90-day follow-up. Mean age was 78.3 years (SD, 9.9 years); 46.2% were women; 49.1% had previously known atrial fibrillation; and 17.5% prior stroke. The primary outcome occurred in 31 patients (6.89%) assigned to early initiation and in 38 patients (8.68%) assigned to delayed NOAC initiation (absolute risk difference, \u22121.79% [95% CI, \u22125.31% to 1.74%];\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>noninferiority<\/jats:sub>\n                      =0.004). Ischemic stroke rates were 3.11% and 4.57% (risk difference, \u22121.46% [95% CI, \u22123.98% to 1.07%]) and all-cause mortality rates were 4.67% and 5.71% (risk difference, \u22121.04% [95% CI, \u22123.96% to 1.88%]) in the early and delayed groups, respectively. No patient in either group experienced symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early initiation was noninferior to delayed start of NOAC after acute ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Numerically lower rates of ischemic stroke and death and the absence of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhages implied that the early start of NOAC was safe and should be considered for acute secondary stroke prevention in patients eligible for NOAC treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Registration:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      URL:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\">http:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ; Unique identifier: NCT02961348.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.122.060666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T14:00:55Z","timestamp":1664805655000},"page":"1056-1066","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":179,"title":["Early Versus Delayed Non\u2013Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulant Therapy After Acute Ischemic Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation (TIMING): A Registry-Based Randomized Controlled Noninferiority Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"146","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02961348","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9969-3921","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonas","family":"Oldgren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala Clinical Research Center (J.O., Z.H., M.B.)"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden (J.O., S.\u00c5., Z.H.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8693-1014","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Signild","family":"\u00c5sberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden (J.O., S.\u00c5., Z.H.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7420-743X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ziad","family":"Hijazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala Clinical Research Center (J.O., Z.H., M.B.)"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden (J.O., S.\u00c5., Z.H.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0394-5096","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Per","family":"Wester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Ume\u00e5 University, Sweden (P.W.)."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Karolinska Institutet Danderyds sjukhus, Stockholm, Sweden (P.W.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Bertilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala Clinical Research Center (J.O., Z.H., M.B.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8024-5096","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bo","family":"Norrving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences\u201a Section of Neurology\u201a Lund University\u201a Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, Sweden (B.N.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the National TIMING Collaborators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"The Swedish Stroke Register. 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