{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T21:37:17Z","timestamp":1792186637211,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiac fibrosis is a major determinant of adverse clinical outcomes of many heart diseases; currently, therapeutic strategy directly targeting fibroblasts is lacking. Nitric oxide\u2013mediated nitrosative stress is associated with cardiac injury, and excessive nitric oxide can trigger S-nitrosylation (SNO) to specific cysteine thiol. This study aims to investigate the role of SNO in cardiac fibrosis and to identify potential therapeutic target.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SNO proteomic analysis was performed in cardiac tissue isolated from both mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction and spontaneous hypertensive rats. Elevated SNO of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) was identified in cardiac fibroblasts, which was merely detected in cardiomyocytes. Cardiac fibroblast\u2013specific PKM2 knockout mice and mice transfected with wild-type or SNO-resistant PKM2 mutant were used to determine the involvement of SNO of PKM2 (SNO-PKM2) in cardiac fibrosis. Unbiased proteomics and coimmunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry analysis were conducted to explore effectors mediating SNO-PKM2\u2013induced activation of cardiac fibroblasts. A recently approved drug for rare blood disorder, mitapivat, was shown to dose-dependently relieve cardiac fibrosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SNO of PKM2 at cysteine 49 and 326 increased in the heart tissue of patients with heart failure, heart tissue of murine cardiac fibrosis models, and cardiac fibroblasts stimulated with angiotensin II. SNO-PKM2 reduced pyruvate kinase activity and tetramerization of PKM2, and cardiac fibroblast\u2013specific PKM2 knockout aggravated cardiac fibrosis, whereas cardiac fibroblast\u2013specific PKM2 knockout mice transfected with SNO-resistant mutant rather than wild-type PKM2 had cardiac function. Mechanistically, SNO-PKM2 drove excessive mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial dysfunction through interfering with its interaction with actin regulatory protein gelsolin. TEPP-46, a pharmacological PKM2 activator, alleviated mitochondrial fission and cardiac fibrosis. Moreover, the US Food and Drug Administration\u2013approved drug mitapivat showed preventive and therapeutical effects on cardiac fibrosis through activating PKM2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SNO-PKM2 specifically increases in cardiac fibroblasts and activated cardiac fibroblasts by inducing excessive mitochondrial fission through a gelsolin-dependent manner. Mitapivat is a potential therapeutic option for attenuating cardiac fibrosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.125.075903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T10:00:18Z","timestamp":1765360818000},"page":"338-357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["S-Nitrosylation of Pyruvate Kinase Isoform 2 Drives Cardiac Fibrosis by Promoting Mitochondrial Fission"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"153","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3884-4095","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shanshan","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Drug Targets and Translational Medicine for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanjing, PR China (S.L., D.Y., Y.Z., Y.W., M.Z., M.L., X.W., K.Z., Y.Z., L.H., S.S., L.X., Y.J.)."},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Nanjing, PR China (S.L., D.Y., Y.Z., Y.W., M.Z., M.L., X.W., K.Z., Y.Z., L.H., S.S., L.X., Y.J.)."},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Gusu School (S.L., D.Y., Y.Z., Y.W., M.Z., M.L., X.W., K.Z., Y.Z., L.H., S.S., L.X., Y.J.), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danyu","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Drug Targets and Translational Medicine for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanjing, PR China (S.L., D.Y., Y.Z., Y.W., M.Z., M.L., X.W., K.Z., Y.Z., L.H., S.S., L.X., Y.J.)."},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Nanjing, PR China (S.L., D.Y., Y.Z., Y.W., M.Z., M.L., X.W., K.Z., Y.Z., L.H., S.S., L.X., Y.J.)."},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Gusu School (S.L., D.Y., Y.Z., Y.W., M.Z., M.L., X.W., K.Z., Y.Z., L.H., S.S., L.X., Y.J.), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1059-8256","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Drug Targets and Translational Medicine for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanjing, PR China (S.L., D.Y., Y.Z., Y.W., M.Z., M.L., X.W., K.Z., Y.Z., L.H., S.S., L.X., Y.J.)."},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Nanjing, PR China (S.L., D.Y., Y.Z., Y.W., M.Z., M.L., X.W., K.Z., Y.Z., L.H., S.S., L.X., Y.J.)."},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Gusu School (S.L., D.Y., Y.Z., Y.W., M.Z., M.L., X.W., K.Z., Y.Z., L.H., S.S., L.X., Y.J.), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR 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