{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T11:40:22Z","timestamp":1778067622483,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,21]]},"abstract":"\n \n \n \n Background<\/jats:bold>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u2014\n <\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n Recently, the temporal excitable gap during atrial fibrillation (AF) has been identified as a vulnerable parameter for cardioversion of AF. In this study, we evaluated 5 methods to measure the refractory period (RP\n AF<\/jats:sub>\n ) and the excitable period (EP\n AF<\/jats:sub>\n ) during persistent AF.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n \n \n \n Methods and Results<\/jats:bold>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u2014\n <\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n In 11 goats instrumented with 83 epicardial atrial electrodes, persistent AF (43\u00b134 days) was induced with a median AF cycle length (CL) of 98\u00b114 ms. To measure RP\n AF<\/jats:sub>\n , premature stimuli were applied to the center of the electrode array on the right or left atrium. The RP\n AF<\/jats:sub>\n measured by mapping of premature stimuli was 70\u00b112 ms (\u201cgold standard\u201d). The RP\n AF<\/jats:sub>\n determined during entrainment of AF was 77\u00b117 ms (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n =0.88,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.01). Statistical analysis of the effects of synchronized stimuli (each coupling interval \u00d7100) on the AFCL histogram yielded an RP\n AF<\/jats:sub>\n of 70\u00b113 ms (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n =0.94,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.01). A further simplification was to apply slow fixed-rate pacing (1 Hz) during AF. For each stimulus (n=250 to 500), the paced AFCL was plotted against its coupling interval, and capture was determined by statistical shortening of the AFCL (RP\n AF<\/jats:sub>\n 71\u00b117 ms,\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n =0.84,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.01). The 5th percentile of the AFCL histogram as an index of RP\n AF<\/jats:sub>\n was 77\u00b112 ms (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n =0.90,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.01).\n <\/jats:p>\n \n \n \n \n Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u2014\n <\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold>\n During persistent AF with an AFCL of 98\u00b114 ms, the RP\n AF<\/jats:sub>\n determined by mapping of synchronized premature stimuli (gold standard) was 70\u00b112 ms, with an excitable period of 28\u00b18 ms. Although the indirect methods to measure RP\n AF<\/jats:sub>\n all correlated well with the gold standard, slow fixed-rate pacing seems to be the most attractive technique because of the ease of acquiring the data and the clear graphic result.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/hc3401.093156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,28]],"date-time":"2007-09-28T18:31:09Z","timestamp":1191004269000},"page":"957-962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Methods for Determining the Refractory Period and Excitable Gap During Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in the Goat"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Mattias","family":"Duytschaever","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frans","family":"Mast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthijs","family":"Killian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuri","family":"Blaauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurits","family":"Wijffels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurits","family":"Allessie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(97)89126-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.102.2.260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Franz MR. The role of monophasic action potential recording in atrial fibrillation.In: Olsson SB Allessie MA Campbell RW eds. Atrial Fibrillation: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies Armonk NY: Futura Publishing Co Inc; 1994: 109\u2013125."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.96.12.4298"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00488-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.92.7.1954"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.2.736"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.65.6.1612"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1994.tb01134.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.94.10.2649"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.94.5.1036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.95.10.2416"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1999.tb00678.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.41.1.9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.50.2.175"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(96)00216-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.93.3.603"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2000.tb01795.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/355349a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.94.8.1962"}],"container-title":["Circulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/hc3401.093156","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T01:34:27Z","timestamp":1715650467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/hc3401.093156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,21]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/hc3401.093156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/hc3401.093156","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-7322","1524-4539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-7322","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4539","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2001-08-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}