{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T14:23:06Z","timestamp":1789914186707,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hypertension"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            We assessed the impact of initial socioeconomic status and change in socioeconomic status across 10 years, ie, status trajectories, on the development of essential hypertension among black and white young men and women. Three thousand eight hundred twenty-seven normotensive individuals ages 18 to 30 years at study entry were followed for 10 years, with blood pressure, body mass index, and socioeconomic status characteristics measured at years 0, 2, 5, 7, and 10. Socioeconomic status trajectory measures were a new educational degree earned by year 10; difficulties paying for basics during years 2 to 10; and change in income category from year 5 to 10, defined in relation to year 0 status. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure \u2265140, diastolic blood pressure \u226590, or antihypertensive medication use at year 10. Reporting difficulties paying for basics at study entry (odds ratio=1.45, 95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 2.02) and continued difficulties during year 2 to 10 follow-up (odds ratio=1.62, 95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 2.53) were independently associated with incident hypertension, adjusted for race-gender group, body mass index, site, age, and initial systolic blood pressure. Decline in income from year 5 to 10 tended to be associated with hypertension,\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            =0.07, but a new educational degree after study onset was not. Socioeconomic trajectories are independently associated with incidence of hypertension. A dynamic index of socioeconomic status may be a useful concept in understanding the effects of socioeconomic status on the natural history of hypertension.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/hy0302.105682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,28]],"date-time":"2002-07-28T23:16:47Z","timestamp":1027898207000},"page":"772-776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Socioeconomic Trajectories and Incident Hypertension in a Biracial Cohort of Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Karen A.","family":"Matthews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (K.A.M.), Penn; Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (C.I.K., C.E.L.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University (K.L.), Chicago, Ill; Kaiser Health Foundation at Oakland (S.S.), Cal; and Hypertension and Vascular Disease Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine (C.Y.), Winston-Salem, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catarina I.","family":"Kiefe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (K.A.M.), Penn; Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (C.I.K., C.E.L.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University (K.L.), Chicago, Ill; Kaiser Health Foundation at Oakland (S.S.), Cal; and Hypertension and Vascular Disease Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine (C.Y.), Winston-Salem, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cora E.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (K.A.M.), Penn; Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (C.I.K., C.E.L.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University (K.L.), Chicago, Ill; Kaiser Health Foundation at Oakland (S.S.), Cal; and Hypertension and Vascular Disease Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine (C.Y.), Winston-Salem, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (K.A.M.), Penn; Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (C.I.K., C.E.L.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University (K.L.), Chicago, Ill; Kaiser Health Foundation at Oakland (S.S.), Cal; and Hypertension and Vascular Disease Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine (C.Y.), Winston-Salem, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Sidney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (K.A.M.), Penn; Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (C.I.K., C.E.L.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University (K.L.), Chicago, Ill; Kaiser Health Foundation at Oakland (S.S.), Cal; and Hypertension and Vascular Disease Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine (C.Y.), Winston-Salem, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Yunis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (K.A.M.), Penn; Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (C.I.K., C.E.L.); Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University (K.L.), Chicago, Ill; Kaiser Health Foundation at Oakland (S.S.), Cal; and Hypertension and Vascular Disease Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine (C.Y.), Winston-Salem, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.4.486"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"949","volume":"85","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sorlie PD, Backlund E, Keller J. US mortality by economic, demographic, and social characteristics: the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Am J Public Health. 1994; 85: 949\u2013956.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112476"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"101","volume":"12","year":"1998","unstructured":"Colhoun HM, Hemingway H, Poulter NR. Socioeconomic status and blood pressure: an overview analysis. J Human Hypertens. 1998; 12: 101\u2013110.","journal-title":"J Human Hypertens"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Chen E Matthews KA Boyce WT. Socioeconomic differences in children\u2019s health: how and why do these relationships change with age? Psych Bull. In press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuh D Power C Blane D Bartley M. Social pathways between childhood and adult health. In: Kuh D Ben-Shlomo Y eds. A Life Course Approach to Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1997; 169\u2013198.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192627827.003.0008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7070.1434"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/1KU0-4Y3K-ACFL-BYU7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.9.1476"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199712253372606"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7080.547"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1000740"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(88)90080-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.10.1495"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"347","volume":"62","year":"1992","unstructured":"Folkow B. Physiological aspects of primary hypertension. Physiology Rev. 1992; 62: 347\u2013504.","journal-title":"Physiology Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"551","volume":"3","year":"1983","unstructured":"Goldstein D. Plasma catecholamines and essential hypertension: an analytic review. Hypertension. 1983; 3: 551\u2013556.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hyp.33.6.1458"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197702242960801"}],"container-title":["Hypertension"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/hy0302.105682","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T02:15:40Z","timestamp":1715652940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/hy0302.105682"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/hy0302.105682"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/hy0302.105682","relation":{},"ISSN":["0194-911X","1524-4563"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0194-911X","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4563","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2001-09-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2002-01-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2002-03-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}