{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:28:57Z","timestamp":1791253737883,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,29]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Growth differentiation factor (\n GDF<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\u201015 is a distant and divergent member of the transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b2 superfamily (TGF\u2010\u03b2) . There is growing evidence indicating the involvement of\n GDF<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201015 in various pathologies. Expression of\n GDF<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201015 is induced under conditions of inflammation and increased\n GDF<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201015 serum levels are suggested as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n \n We show here that\n GDF<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201015 and proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\u20106 levels are highly increased (5\u2010fold) in cultured oxidized low\u2010density lipoproteins\u2013stimulated peritoneal macrophages derived from\n GDF<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201015\n +\/+<\/jats:sup>\n \/apolipoprotein (apo)\n E<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n , mice. Notably,\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20106 induction on oxidized low\u2010density lipoproteins stimulation is completely abolished in the absence of\n GDF<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201015. Consistent with our in vitro data\n GDF<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201015\n mRNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n expression and protein levels are upregulated (2.5\u2010 to 6\u2010fold) in the atherosclerotic vessel wall of\n GDF<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201015\n +\/+<\/jats:sup>\n \/apo\n E<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n mice after a cholesterol\u2010enriched diet.\n GDF<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201015 deficiency inhibits lumen stenosis (52%) and\n 18<\/jats:sup>\n FDG<\/jats:styled-content>\n uptake (34%) in the aortic arch despite increased serum triglyceride\/cholesterol levels and elevated body weight. Immunohistomorphometric investigations of atherosclerotic lesions reveal a decreased percentage of inflammatory\n CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n 11b\n +<\/jats:sup>\n (57%) or\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20106\n +<\/jats:sup>\n , leukocytes, and apoptotic cells (74%) after 20\u00a0weeks. However, the total number of macrophages and cell density in atherosclerotic lesions of the innominate artery are increased in\n GDF<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201015\n \u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n \/apo\n E<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n mice.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Our data suggest that\n GDF<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201015 is involved in orchestrating atherosclerotic lesion progression by regulating apoptotic cell death and\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20106\u2013dependent inflammatory responses to vascular injury.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.112.002550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,24]],"date-time":"2013-05-24T16:46:09Z","timestamp":1369413969000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":160,"title":["Growth Differentiation Factor\u201015 Deficiency Inhibits Atherosclerosis Progression by Regulating Interleukin\u20106\u2013Dependent Inflammatory Response to Vascular Injury"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Gabriel A.","family":"Bonaterra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Z\u00fcgel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Thogersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina A.","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Haberkorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Strelau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Kinscherf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2010.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.21.11514"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410051337"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.65.1.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","first-page":"273","article-title":"GDF\u201015\/MIC\u20101 a novel member of the TGF\u2010beta superfamily","volume":"60","author":"Strelau J","year":"2000","unstructured":"Strelau J, Bottner M, Lingor P, Suter\u2010Crazzolara C, Galter D, Jaszai J, Sullivan A, Schober A, Krieglstein K, Unsicker K. 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