{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T06:25:47Z","timestamp":1789885547100,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,18]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Data on cardiovascular diseases (\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and cognitive decline are conflicting. Our objective was to investigate if\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n is associated with an increased risk for cognitive decline and to examine whether hypertension, diabetes, or adiposity modify the effect of\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n on cognitive functioning.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Prospective follow\u2010up of 6455 cognitively intact, postmenopausal women aged 65 to 79\u00a0years old enrolled in the\n W<\/jats:styled-content>\n omen's\n H<\/jats:styled-content>\n ealth\n I<\/jats:styled-content>\n nitiative\n M<\/jats:styled-content>\n emory\n S<\/jats:styled-content>\n tudy (\n WHIMS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ).\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n was determined by self\u2010report. For cognitive decline, we assessed the incidence of mild cognitive impairment (\n MCI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) or probable dementia (\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) via modified mini\u2010mental state examination (3\u00a0MS) score, neurocognitive, and neuropsychiatric examinations. The median follow\u2010up was 8.4\u00a0years. Women with\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n tended to be at increased risk for cognitive decline compared with those free of\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n (hazard ratio [\n HR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ], 1.29; 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n : 1.00, 1.67). Women with myocardial infarction or other vascular disease were at highest risk (\n HR<\/jats:styled-content>\n , 2.10; 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n : 1.40, 3.15 or\n HR<\/jats:styled-content>\n , 1.97; 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n : 1.34, 2.87). Angina pectoris was moderately associated with cognitive decline (\n HR<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1.45; 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n : 1.05, 2.01) whereas no significant relationships were found for atrial fibrillation or heart failure. Hypertension and diabetes increased the risk for cognitive decline in women without\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Diabetes tended to elevate the risk for\n MCI<\/jats:styled-content>\n \/\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n in women with\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n . No significant trend was seen for adiposity.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n is associated with cognitive decline in elderly postmenopausal women. Hypertension and diabetes, but not adiposity, are associated with a higher risk for cognitive decline. More research is warranted on the potential of\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n prevention for preserving cognitive functioning.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.113.000369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,19]],"date-time":"2013-12-19T05:23:29Z","timestamp":1387430609000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Cardiovascular Disease and Cognitive Decline in Postmenopausal Women: Results From the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Haring","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of W\u00fcrzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Bavaria, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston\u2010Salem, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology & Medicine, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, IA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen C.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca D.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Beyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Florida\/South Georgia Veteran Health System Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Florida and Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Wactawski\u2010Wende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, SUNY School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moritz Wyler","family":"von Ballmoos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery & Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Froedtert Memorial Hospital & Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph S.","family":"Goveas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine and Institute for Health and Society, Milwaukee, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis H.","family":"Kuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Wassertheil\u2010Smoller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"WHO . 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