{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:50:35Z","timestamp":1792173035033,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,24]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n History of gestational diabetes mellitus (\n GDM<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) increases lifetime risk of type 2 diabetes (\n DM<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS), which increase risk of cardiovascular disease. It is unclear, however, whether\n GDM<\/jats:styled-content>\n increases risk of early atherosclerosis independent of pre\u2010pregnancy obesity and subsequent metabolic disease.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Of 2787 women (18 to 30\u00a0years) enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (\n CARDIA<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) study, we studied 898 (47% black) who were free of\n DM<\/jats:styled-content>\n and heart disease at baseline (1985\u20101986), delivered \u22651 post\u2010baseline births, reported\n GDM<\/jats:styled-content>\n history, and had common carotid intima media thickness (\n ccIMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n , mm) measured in 2005\u20102006. We used multivariable linear regression to assess associations between\n GDM<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n ccIMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n adjusted for race, age, parity, and pre\u2010pregnancy cardiometabolic risk factors. We assessed mediators (weight gain, insulin resistance, blood pressure), and effect modification by incident\n DM<\/jats:styled-content>\n or MetS during the 20\u2010year period. Of the 898 women, 119 (13%) reported\n GDM<\/jats:styled-content>\n (7.6 per 100 deliveries). Average age was 31 at last birth and 44 at\n ccIMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n measurement for\n GDM<\/jats:styled-content>\n and non\u2010\n GDM<\/jats:styled-content>\n groups. Unadjusted mean\n ccIMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n was 0.023\u00a0mm higher for\n GDM<\/jats:styled-content>\n than non\u2010\n GDM<\/jats:styled-content>\n groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.029), but pre\u2010pregnancy\n BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n attenuated the difference to 0.016\u00a0mm (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.109). In 777 women without subsequent\n DM<\/jats:styled-content>\n or the MetS, mean\n ccIMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n was 0.023\u00a0mm higher for\n GDM<\/jats:styled-content>\n versus non\u2010\n GDM<\/jats:styled-content>\n groups controlling for race, age, parity, and pre\u2010pregnancy\n BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n (0.784 versus 0.761,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.039). Addition of pre\u2010pregnancy insulin resistance index had minimal impact on adjusted mean net\n ccIMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n difference (0.22\u00a0mm). Mean\n ccIMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n did not differ by\n GDM<\/jats:styled-content>\n status among 121 women who developed\n DM<\/jats:styled-content>\n or the MetS (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.58).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n History of\n GDM<\/jats:styled-content>\n may be a marker for early atherosclerosis independent of pre\u2010pregnancy obesity among women who have not developed type 2 diabetes or the metabolic syndrome.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.113.000490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,13]],"date-time":"2014-03-13T02:44:14Z","timestamp":1394678654000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Future Risk of Atherosclerosis in Mid\u2010life: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Erica 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Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Charles P.","family":"Quesenberry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Sidney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cora E.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 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