{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T23:30:58Z","timestamp":1793662258693,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              \u03b2\n              <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n              \u2010Microglobulin and cystatin C may have advantages over creatinine in assessing risk associated with kidney function. We therefore investigated whether emerging filtration markers, \u03b2\n              <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n              \u2010microglobulin and cystatin C, are prospectively associated with risk of the development of peripheral artery disease (\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n              ).\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              We conducted nested case\u2010control studies among women within the Nurses\u2019 Health Study (1990\u20132010) and among men within the Health Professionals Follow\u2010up Study (1994\u20132008) with the use of archived blood samples collected before\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n              diagnosis. During follow\u2010up, symptomatic\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n              was confirmed in 144 women and 143 men. Controls were matched 3:1 based on age, race, smoking status, fasting status, and date of blood sampling. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate relative risks (\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RRs<\/jats:styled-content>\n              ) and were adjusted for plasma creatinine and cardiovascular risk factors. In women, the\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>\n              s (95% CI) per 1\u2010SD) increment were 1.16 (0.85 to 1.58) for \u03b2\n              <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n              \u2010microglobulin and 0.94 (0.69 to 1.28) for cystatin C. Corresponding\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>\n              s in men were 1.50 (1.08 to 2.09) for \u03b2\n              <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n              \u2010microglobulin and 1.54 (1.07 to 2.22) for cystatin C. There was no association between creatinine and\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n              risk in women, whereas the association in men (\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>\n              1.41, 95%\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n              1.10 to 1.81) disappeared after adjustment for either \u03b2\n              <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n              \u2010microglobulin or cystatin C. In pooled analyses of men and women, only \u03b2\n              <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n              \u2010microglobulin was associated with\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n              risk (\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>\n              1.31, 95%\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n              1.04 to 1.64).\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              In pooled analyses, \u03b2\n              <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n              \u2010microglobulin was associated with an increased risk of symptomatic\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAD<\/jats:styled-content>\n              ; a similar association with cystatin C was observed only in men. The findings suggest that \u03b2\n              <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n              \u2010microglobulin may capture the atherosclerosis\u2010promoting or atherosclerosis\u2010related elements of kidney dysfunction better than creatinine.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.114.000803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T14:42:35Z","timestamp":1404225755000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["\u03b22\u2010Microglobulin, Cystatin C, and Creatinine and Risk of Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Michel M.","family":"Joosten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nephrology, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer K.","family":"Pai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham &amp; Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica L.","family":"Bertoia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron T.","family":"Gansevoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nephrology, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan J. L.","family":"Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nephrology, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham &amp; Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric B.","family":"Rimm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham &amp; Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth J.","family":"Mukamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.003954"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.4.453"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.2.197"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.593442"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.13415"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00163-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000119574.27772.FD"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.12.037"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) CKD work group. 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