{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T09:20:05Z","timestamp":1793524805020,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n All major Hispanic\/Latino groups in the\n United States<\/jats:styled-content>\n have a high prevalence of obesity, which is often severe. Little is known about cardiovascular disease (\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) risk factors among those at very high levels of body mass index (\n BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Among\n US<\/jats:styled-content>\n Hispanic men (N=6547) and women (N=9797), we described gradients across the range of\n BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n and age in\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n risk factors including hypertension, serum lipids, diabetes, and C\u2010reactive protein. Sex differences in\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n risk factor prevalences were determined at each level of\n BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n , after adjustment for age and other demographic and socioeconomic variables. Among those with class\n II<\/jats:styled-content>\n or\n III<\/jats:styled-content>\n obesity (\n BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u226535\u00a0kg\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n , 18% women and 12% men), prevalences of hypertension, diabetes, low high\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and high C\u2010reactive protein level approached or exceeded 40% during the fourth decade of life. While women had a higher prevalence of class\n III<\/jats:styled-content>\n obesity (\n BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u226540\u00a0kg\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ) than did men (7% and 4%, respectively), within this highest\n BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n category there was a >50% greater relative prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia in men versus women, while sex differences in prevalence of these\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n risk factors were \u224820% or less at other\n BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n levels.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Elevated\n BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n is common in Hispanic\/Latino adults and is associated with a considerable excess of\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n risk factors. At the highest\n BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n levels,\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n risk factors often emerge in the earliest decades of adulthood and they affect men more often than women.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.114.000923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,10]],"date-time":"2014-07-10T03:09:32Z","timestamp":1404961772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Body Mass Index, Sex, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among Hispanic\/Latino Adults: Hispanic Community Health Study\/Study of Latinos"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Larissa","family":"Avil\u00e9s\u2010Santa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina M.","family":"Parrinello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila F.","family":"Casta\u00f1eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlene L.","family":"Hankinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen R.","family":"Isasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orit","family":"Birnbaum\u2010Weitzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryung S.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha L.","family":"Daviglus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois\u2010Chicago, Miami, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Talavera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Schneiderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwen","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.39"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","first-page":"338","article-title":"Trends in abdominal obesity in young people: United States 1988\u20132002","volume":"16","author":"Okosun IS","year":"2006","unstructured":"Okosun IS, Boltri JM, Eriksen MP, Hepburn VA. 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