{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:39:52Z","timestamp":1791283192477,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,16]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n infection is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) in men. Whether\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n is an independent risk factor for\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n in women has not yet been established.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n \n We analyzed data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study on 2187 women (32%\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n infected [\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n +<\/jats:sup>\n ]) who were free of\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n at baseline. Participants were followed from their first clinical encounter on or after April 01, 2003 until a\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n event, death, or the last follow\u2010up date (December 31, 2009). The primary outcome was\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n (acute myocardial infarction [\n AMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ], unstable angina, ischemic stroke, and heart failure).\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n events were defined using clinical data, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes, and\/or death certificate data. We used Cox proportional hazards models to assess the association between\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n and incident\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n , adjusting for age, race\/ethnicity, lipids, smoking, blood pressure, diabetes, renal disease, obesity, hepatitis C, and substance use\/abuse. Median follow\u2010up time was 6.0\u00a0years. Mean age at baseline of\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n +<\/jats:sup>\n and\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n uninfected (\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n ) women was 44.0 versus 43.2\u00a0years (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.05). Median time to\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n event was 3.1 versus 3.7\u00a0years (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.11). There were 86 incident\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n events (53%,\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n +<\/jats:sup>\n ):\n AMI,<\/jats:styled-content>\n 13%; unstable angina, 8%; ischemic stroke, 22%; and heart failure, 57%. Incident\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \/1000 person\u2010years was significantly higher among\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n +<\/jats:sup>\n (13.5; 95% confidence interval [\n CI]<\/jats:styled-content>\n =10.1, 18.1) than\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n women (5.3; 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n =3.9, 7.3;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.001).\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n +<\/jats:sup>\n women had an increased risk of\n CVD,<\/jats:styled-content>\n compared to\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n (hazard ratio=2.8; 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n =1.7, 4.6;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n is associated with an increased risk of\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n in women.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.114.001035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,17]],"date-time":"2014-10-17T06:49:27Z","timestamp":1413528567000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["HIV Infection and Cardiovascular Disease in Women"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Womack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Nursing, West Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung\u2010Chou H.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA"},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaku A.","family":"So\u2010Armah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Alcorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason V.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheldon T.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY"},{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Budoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbor\u2010UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeel A.","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA"},{"name":"VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA"},{"name":"Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Gibert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew Bidwell","family":"Goetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA"},{"name":"VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Gottdiener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Gottlieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy C.","family":"Justice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health Care System, West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Leaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA"},{"name":"VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"McGinnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health Care System, West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rimland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria C.","family":"Rodriguez\u2010Barradas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Section, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Sico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health Care System, West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Skanderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health Care System, West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilary","family":"Tindle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell P.","family":"Tracy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberta","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA"},{"name":"VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Freiberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"506","article-title":"Coronary heart disease in hiv\u2010infected individuals","volume":"2003","author":"Currier JS","year":"1999","unstructured":"Currier JS, Taylor A, Boyd F, Dezii CM, Kawabata H, Burtcel B, Maa JF, Hodder S. Coronary heart disease in hiv\u2010infected individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999;2003:506\u2013512.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2190"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31821d33a5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328339192f"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","unstructured":"CDC . HIV surveillance \u2013 epidemiology of HIV infection. 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