{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:55:49Z","timestamp":1787237749456,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n We investigated race\u2013ethnic and sex\u2010specific relationships of left ventricular (\n LV<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) structure and\n LV<\/jats:styled-content>\n function in African American and white men and women at 43 to 55\u00a0years of age.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (\n CARDIA<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) Study enrolled African American and white adults, age 18 to 30\u00a0years, from 4\n US<\/jats:styled-content>\n field centers in 1985\u20131986 (Year\u20100) who have been followed prospectively. We included participants with echocardiographic assessment at the Year\u201025 examination (n=3320; 44% men, 46% African American). The end points of\n LV<\/jats:styled-content>\n structure and function were assessed using conventional echocardiography and speckle\u2010tracking echocardiography. In the multivariable models, we used, in addition to race\u2013ethnic and gender terms, demographic (age, physical activity, and educational level) and cardiovascular risk variables (body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, presence of diabetes, use of antihypertensive medications, number of cigarettes\/day) at Year\u20100 and \u201025 examinations as independent predictors of echocardiographic outcomes at the Year\u201025 examination (\n LV<\/jats:styled-content>\n end\u2010diastolic volume [\n LVEDV<\/jats:styled-content>\n ]\/height,\n LV<\/jats:styled-content>\n end\u2010systolic volume [\n LVESV<\/jats:styled-content>\n ]\/height,\n LV<\/jats:styled-content>\n mass [\n LVM<\/jats:styled-content>\n ]\/height, and\n LVM<\/jats:styled-content>\n \/\n LVEDV<\/jats:styled-content>\n ratio for\n LV<\/jats:styled-content>\n structural indices;\n LV<\/jats:styled-content>\n ejection fraction [\n LVEF<\/jats:styled-content>\n ], Ell, and Ecc for systolic indices; and early diastolic and atrial ratio, mitral annulus early peak velocity, ratio of mitral early peak velocity\/mitral annulus early peak velocity; ratio, left atrial volume\/height, longitudinal peak early diastolic strain rate, and circumferential peak early diastolic strain rate for diastolic indices). Compared with women, African American and white men had greater\n LV<\/jats:styled-content>\n volume and\n LV<\/jats:styled-content>\n mass (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.05). For\n LV<\/jats:styled-content>\n systolic function, African American men had the lowest\n LVEF<\/jats:styled-content>\n as well as longitudinal (Ell) and circumferential (Ecc) strain indices among the 4 sex\/race\u2013ethnic groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.05). For\n LV<\/jats:styled-content>\n diastolic function, African American men and women had larger left atrial volumes; African American men had the lowest values of Ell and Ecc for diastolic strain rate (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.05). These race\/sex differences in\n LV<\/jats:styled-content>\n structure and\n LV<\/jats:styled-content>\n function persisted after adjustment.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n African American men have greater\n LV<\/jats:styled-content>\n size and lower\n LV<\/jats:styled-content>\n systolic and diastolic function compared to African American women and to white men and women. The reasons for these racial\u2010ethnic differences are partially but not completely explained by established cardiovascular risk factors.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.114.001264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,13]],"date-time":"2015-03-13T22:23:35Z","timestamp":1426285415000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Race\u2013Ethnic and Sex Differences in Left Ventricular Structure and Function: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Satoru","family":"Kishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD"},{"name":"Mitsui Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared P.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharath A.","family":"Venkatesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel S.","family":"Gidding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anderson C.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"David R.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Sidney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin O.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nakela L.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cora E.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela J.","family":"Schreiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Isogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mitsui Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University, Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o A. C.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.11.057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1474"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.19.2138"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0807265"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.109.862334"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.04.061"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000194077.23234.ae"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2010.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.531558"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2010.209452"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(88)90080-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2005.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2008.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2014.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008483-198911000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000169972.96201.8e"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.91.6.1739"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000128738.94190.9f"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.3.380"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.093146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.04.1868"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01712-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01973-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.91.9.2400"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.112.000450"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(95)90287-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.10.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.188965"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2010.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht133"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Heart Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/JAHA.114.001264","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T06:24:10Z","timestamp":1715581450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/JAHA.114.001264"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/JAHA.114.001264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/jaha.114.001264","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-9980"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-9980","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-07-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-02-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-03-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e001264"}}