{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T10:41:12Z","timestamp":1778582472895,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,30]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Adults infected with\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n have increased atherosclerosis potentially associated with both\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n and non\u2010\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n associated factors. We characterized risk factors for atherosclerosis as measured by noninvasive vascular imaging.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n \n We used B\u2010mode ultrasound to examine levels and correlates of echogenicity and vessel wall thickness of the carotid artery intima\u2010media complex in 1282\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010infected and 510\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010uninfected women of the Women's Interagency\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n Study. Levels of gray scale median (\n GSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n , a measure of echogenicity) did not vary between\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n infection groups. In both groups, smokers had increased\n GSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n , whereas age, diabetes, elevated blood pressure, and high\n BMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n were associated with lower (rather than higher)\n GSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Each of these non\u2010lipid\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n risk factors, especially age and blood pressure, was also associated with higher levels of carotid artery intima\u2010media thickness (\n cIMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). Higher serum triglyceride levels were associated with lower\n GSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n in both\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010infected and\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010uninfected groups. Additional lipid risk factors for low\n GSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n including high LDL cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol levels were identified in\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n uninfected but not in\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n infected women. In contrast to findings for\n GSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n , among the lipid parameters only LDL cholesterol level had an association with\n cIMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n , which was observed only in the\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n uninfected group.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Lipid and non\u2010lipid risk factor associations with echolucency of the carotid artery and the thickness of the common carotid artery intima\u2010media layer suggest that these measures capture different aspects of atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.114.001405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,21]],"date-time":"2015-02-21T04:22:36Z","timestamp":1424492556000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Echolucency of the Carotid Artery Intima\u2010Media Complex and Intima\u2010Media Thickness Have Different Cardiovascular Risk Factor Relationships: The Women's Interagency HIV Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Molly","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina M.","family":"Parrinello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaonan","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy J.","family":"Mack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Anastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Lazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Selzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne M.","family":"Shircore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Plankey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phyllis","family":"Tien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA"},{"name":"San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mardge","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Gange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Howard N.","family":"Hodis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, 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