{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T20:30:06Z","timestamp":1774384206435,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Patient sex and age may influence rates of death after receiving an implantable cardioverter\u2010defibrillator for primary prevention. Differences in outcomes other than mortality and whether these differences vary by heart failure symptoms, etiology, and left ventricular ejection fraction are not well characterized.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              We studied 2954 patients with left ventricular ejection fraction \u22640.35 undergoing first\u2010time implantable cardioverter\u2010defibrillator for primary prevention within the Cardiovascular Research Network; 769 patients (26%) were women, and 2827 (62%) were aged &gt;65\u00a0years. In a median follow\u2010up of 2.4\u00a0years, outcome rates per 1000\u00a0patient\u2010years were 109 for death, 438 for hospitalization, and 111 for heart failure hospitalizations. Procedure\u2010related complications occurred in 8.36%. In multivariable models, women had significantly lower risks of death (hazard ratio 0.67, 95%\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n              0.56 to 0.80) and heart failure hospitalization (hazard ratio 0.82, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.98) and higher risks for complications (hazard ratio 1.38, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.90) than men; patients aged &gt;65\u00a0years had higher risks of death (hazard ratio 1.55, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.86) and heart failure hospitalization (hazard ratio 1.25, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.49) than younger patients. Age and sex differences were generally consistent in strata according to symptoms, etiology, and severity of left ventricular systolic dysfunction, except the higher risk of complications in women, which differed by New York Heart Association classification (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.03 for sex\u2013New York Heart Association interaction), and the risk of heart failure hospitalization in older patients, which differed by etiology of heart failure (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.05 for age\u2013etiology interaction).\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">The burden of adverse outcomes after receipt of an implantable cardioverter\u2010defibrillator for primary prevention is substantial and varies according to patient age and sex. These differences in outcome generally do not vary according to baseline heart failure characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.115.002005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,3]],"date-time":"2015-06-03T03:19:03Z","timestamp":1433301543000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Age and Sex Differences in Long\u2010Term Outcomes Following Implantable Cardioverter\u2010Defibrillator Placement in Contemporary Clinical Practice: Findings From the Cardiovascular Research Network"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Frederick A.","family":"Masoudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO"},{"name":"Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan S.","family":"Go","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA"},{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Magid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO"},{"name":"Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea E.","family":"Cassidy\u2010Bushrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerry H.","family":"Gurwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meyers Primary Care Institute, Worcester, MA"},{"name":"University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taylor I.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Santa Clara, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristi","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liza M.","family":"Reifler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen A.","family":"Glenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Fiocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American College of Cardiology Foundation, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meyers Primary Care Institute, Worcester, MA"},{"name":"University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente, Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela N.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO"},{"name":"Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO"},{"name":"Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Schuger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henry Ford Hospital Heart and Vascular Institute, Detroit, MI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Humberto","family":"Vidaillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen C.","family":"Hammill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Greenlee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, 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