{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T14:36:23Z","timestamp":1794062183349,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              No study to date has investigated longitudinal trajectories of cardiac autonomic modulation changes with aging; therefore, we lack evidence showing whether these changes occur naturally or are secondary to disease or medication use. This study tested whether heart rate variability (\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              ) trajectories from middle to older age are largely normative or caused by pathological changes with aging in a large prospective cohort. We further assessed whether\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              changes were modified by socioeconomic status, ethnicity, or habitual physical activity.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              This study involved 3176 men and 1238 women initially aged 44 to 69\u00a0years (1997\u20131999) from the\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content>\n              Whitehall\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>\n              population\u2010based cohort. We evaluated time\u2010 and frequency\u2010domain\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              measures of short\u2010term recordings at 3 time points over a 10\u2010year period. Random mixed models with time\u2010varying covariates were applied. Cross\u2010sectionally,\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              measures were lower for men than for women, for participants with cardiometabolic conditions, and for participants reporting use of medications other than beta blockers. Longitudinally,\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              measures decreased significantly with aging in both sexes, with faster decline in younger age groups.\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              trajectories were not explained by increased prevalence of cardiometabolic problems and\/or medication use. In women, cardiometabolic problems were associated with faster decline in the standard deviation of all intervals between R waves with normal\u2010to\u2010normal conduction, in low\u2010frequency\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              , and in low\u2010frequency\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              in normalized units. Socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and habitual physical activity did not have significant effects on\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRV<\/jats:styled-content>\n              trajectories.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Our investigation showed a general pattern and timing of changes in indices of cardiac autonomic modulation from middle to older age. These changes seem likely to reflect the normal aging process rather than being secondary to cardiometabolic problems and medication use.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.115.002365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,14]],"date-time":"2018-09-14T13:11:36Z","timestamp":1536930696000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Are Changes in Heart Rate Variability in Middle\u2010Aged and Older People Normative or Caused by Pathological Conditions? 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