{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:29:55Z","timestamp":1788953395358,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,13]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Low serum magnesium has been implicated in cardiovascular mortality, but results are conflicting and the pathway is unclear. We studied the association of serum magnesium with coronary heart disease (\n CHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) mortality and sudden cardiac death (\n SCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) within the prospective population\u2010based Rotterdam Study, with adjudicated end points and long\u2010term follow\u2010up.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Nine\u2010thousand eight\u2010hundred and twenty participants (mean age 65.1\u00a0years, 56.8% female) were included with a median follow\u2010up of 8.7\u00a0years. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazard models and found that a 0.1\u00a0mmol\/L increase in serum magnesium level was associated with a lower risk for\n CHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n mortality (hazard ratio: 0.82, 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 0.70\u20130.96). Furthermore, we divided serum magnesium in quartiles, with the second and third quartile combined as reference group (0.81\u20130.88\u00a0mmol\/L). Low serum magnesium (\u22640.80\u00a0mmol\/L) was associated with an increased risk of\n CHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n mortality (N=431, hazard ratio: 1.36, 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1.09\u20131.69) and\n SCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n (N=217, hazard ratio: 1.54, 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1.12\u20132.11). Low serum magnesium was associated with accelerated subclinical atherosclerosis (expressed as increased carotid intima\u2010media thickness: +0.013\u00a0mm, 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 0.005\u20130.020) and increased\n QT<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010interval, mainly through an effect on heart rate (\n RR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010interval: \u22127.1\u00a0ms, 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u221213.5 to \u22120.8). Additional adjustments for carotid intima\u2010media thickness and heart rate did not change the associations with\n CHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n mortality and\n SCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Low serum magnesium is associated with an increased risk of\n CHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n mortality and\n SCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Although low magnesium was associated with both carotid intima\u2010media thickness and heart rate, this did not explain the relationship between serum magnesium and\n CHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n mortality or\n SCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Future studies should focus on why magnesium associates with\n CHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n mortality and\n SCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n and whether intervention reduces these risks.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.115.002707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,23]],"date-time":"2016-01-23T04:08:52Z","timestamp":1453522132000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Serum Magnesium and the Risk of Death From Coronary Heart Disease and Sudden Cardiac Death"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Brenda C. T.","family":"Kieboom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC \u2013 University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC \u2013 University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Inspectorate for Health Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maartje N.","family":"Niemeijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC \u2013 University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten J. G.","family":"Leening","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC \u2013 University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC \u2013 University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marten E.","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC \u2013 University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar H.","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC \u2013 University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaap W.","family":"Deckers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC \u2013 University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Hofman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC \u2013 University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Zietse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC \u2013 University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno H.","family":"Stricker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC \u2013 University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC \u2013 University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Inspectorate for Health Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewout J.","family":"Hoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC \u2013 University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00012.2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.053132"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2012.06.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2008.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","first-page":"237","article-title":"Serum magnesium concentration is a significant predictor of mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients","volume":"20","author":"Ishimura E","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ishimura E, Okuno S, Yamakawa T, Inaba M, Nishizawa Y. 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