{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T14:33:47Z","timestamp":1793370827921,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,23]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n The time course and relationships of myocardial hemorrhage and edema in patients after acute\n ST<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010segment elevation myocardial infarction (\n STEMI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) are uncertain.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Patients with\n ST<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging on 4 occasions: at 4 to 12\u00a0hours, 3\u00a0days, 10\u00a0days, and 7\u00a0months after reperfusion. Myocardial edema (native T2) and hemorrhage (T2*) were measured in regions of interest in remote and injured myocardium. Myocardial hemorrhage was taken to represent a hypointense infarct core with a T2* value <20\u00a0ms. Thirty patients with\n ST<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010segment elevation myocardial infarction (mean age 54\u00a0years; 25 [83%] male) gave informed consent. Myocardial hemorrhage occurred in 7 (23%), 13 (43%), 11 (33%), and 4 (13%) patients at 4 to 12\u00a0hours, 3\u00a0days, 10\u00a0days, and 7\u00a0months, respectively, consistent with a unimodal pattern. The corresponding median amounts of myocardial hemorrhage (percentage of left ventricular mass) during the first 10\u00a0days after myocardial infarction were 2.7% (interquartile range [\n IQR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ] 0.0\u20135.6%), 7.0% (\n IQR<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4.9\u20137.5%), and 4.1% (\n IQR<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2.6\u20135.5%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.001). Similar unimodal temporal patterns were observed for myocardial edema (percentage of left ventricular mass) in all patients (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.001) and for infarct zone edema (T2, in ms: 62.1 [\n SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2.9], 64.4 [\n SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4.9], 65.9 [\n SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n 5.3];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.001) in patients without myocardial hemorrhage. Alternatively, in patients with myocardial hemorrhage, infarct zone edema was reduced at day 3 (T2, in ms: 51.8 [\n SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4.6];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.001), depicting a bimodal pattern. Left ventricular end\u2010diastolic volume increased from baseline to 7\u00a0months in patients with myocardial hemorrhage (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.001) but not in patients without hemorrhage (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.377).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The temporal evolutions of myocardial hemorrhage and edema are unimodal, whereas infarct zone edema (T2 value) has a bimodal pattern. Myocardial hemorrhage is prognostically important and represents a target for therapeutic interventions that are designed to preserve vascular integrity following coronary reperfusion.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n \n URL<\/jats:styled-content>\n :\n https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n . Unique identifier:\n NCT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 02072850.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.115.002834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]],"date-time":"2016-02-24T04:38:50Z","timestamp":1456288730000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["Temporal Evolution of Myocardial Hemorrhage and Edema in Patients After Acute ST\u2010Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Pathophysiological Insights and Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Carrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK"},{"name":"Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Haig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West of Scotland Heart and Lung Center, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadeem","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuli","family":"Rauhalammi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Clerfond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaclyn","family":"Carberry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ify","family":"Mordi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"McEntegart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark C.","family":"Petrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK"},{"name":"Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hany","family":"Eteiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Hood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Mitchell","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mahrous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Welsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveed","family":"Sattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West of 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