{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:48:41Z","timestamp":1792615721175,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Long\u2010term survival for persons born with congenital heart disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHD<\/jats:styled-content>) is improved, but limited knowledge exists of this growing population's acquired cardiovascular risk profile. This study's purpose was to assess<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHD<\/jats:styled-content>survivors\u2019 risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with attention to the impact of cyanotic<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\"><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">This population\u2010based cohort study included Danish subjects with CHD who were born between 1963 and 1980 and were alive at age 30\u00a0years. For each<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHD<\/jats:styled-content>case, we identified 10 individuals from the general population matched by sex and birth year, by using the Danish Civil Registration System. Complete follow\u2010up was obtained through Danish public registries for death, emigration, and T2<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>M (diagnosis and prescriptions record). We computed cumulative incidences and hazard ratios of developing T2<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content>after age 30 for 5149<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHD<\/jats:styled-content>subjects compared with the general population. After adjusting for<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHD<\/jats:styled-content>severity, as well as age, sex, preterm birth, and extracardiac defects, we analyzed the impact of cyanotic compared with acyanotic<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHD<\/jats:styled-content>. By age 45\u00a0years, the cumulative incidence of T2<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content>after age 30 was 4% among subjects with CHD. Subjects with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHD<\/jats:styled-content>were more likely to develop T2<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content>than the general population (hazard raio 1.4, 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>1.1\u20131.6). Subjects<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHD<\/jats:styled-content>who had cyanotic defects were more likely to develop T2<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content>than were subjects with acyanotic<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHD<\/jats:styled-content>(hazard ratio 1.9, 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>1.1\u20133.3).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p xml:lang=\"en\"><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHD<\/jats:styled-content>survivors had an increased risk of developing T2<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content>after age 30. Patients with cyanotic<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHD<\/jats:styled-content>are at particular risk. Given the cardiovascular health burden of T2DM, attention to its development in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHD<\/jats:styled-content>survivors seems warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.115.003076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,12]],"date-time":"2016-07-12T07:13:00Z","timestamp":1468307580000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Congenital Heart Disease With and Without Cyanotic Potential and the Long\u2010term Risk of Diabetes Mellitus: A Population\u2010Based Follow\u2010up Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Nicolas L.","family":"Madsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Heart Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley S.","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Center at the Ann and Robert H. 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