{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T02:17:02Z","timestamp":1778811422541,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              Controversy exists regarding the association of cigarette smoking and renal dysfunction, particularly among African Americans, who are disproportionately affected by chronic kidney disease; therefore, we evaluated the relationship between cigarette smoking and rapid renal function (\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RRF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              ) decline in the Jackson Heart Study.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              Rates of\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RRF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              decline were determined among 3648 African American participants enrolled at baseline in the Jackson Heart Study.\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RRF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              decline was defined as an absolute decline of estimated glomerular filtration rate of 30% from visit 1 to visit 3. There were 422 current, 659 past, and 2567 never smokers identified at visit 1. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol, physical activity, education, alcohol consumption, and prevalent cardiovascular disease, current smokers demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RRF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              decline compared with never smokers (incidence rate ratio 1.83, 95%\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n              1.31\u20132.56). Current smokers using 1 to 19 and \u226520\u00a0cigarettes daily had an increased incidence of\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RRF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              decline (incidence rate ratios of 1.75 [95%\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n              1.18\u20132.59] and 1.97 [95%\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n              1.17\u20133.31], respectively). There was a significant, progressive reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate from visit 1 to visit 3 in current and past smokers compared with never smokers. Finally, current smokers had a 1.38\u2010fold increase in C\u2010reactive protein compared with never smokers, after controlling for covariates.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              In a large African American cohort, current cigarette smoking was independently associated with\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RRF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              decline in a dose\u2010dependent manner. There was also evidence of increased inflammation (C\u2010reactive protein) in current smokers, suggesting a potential mechanism for these relationships.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.116.003280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,26]],"date-time":"2016-05-26T04:09:14Z","timestamp":1464235754000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Cigarette Smoking and Chronic Kidney Disease in African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Okhomina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohit","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert W.","family":"Dreisbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis A.","family":"Juncos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Winniford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Disorders, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rose M.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aruni","family":"Bhatnagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, KY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bessie A.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"United States Renal Data System: USRDS 2000 annual data report. 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