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However, incidence and management of\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MI<\/jats:styled-content>\n              in\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              is still undefined.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              We searched MEDLINE via PubMed and Cochrane database between 1965 and 2015. All observational clinical studies and interventional trials reporting 1\u2010year incidence of\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MI<\/jats:styled-content>\n              in\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              were included. We also discussed pathophysiological mechanisms, predictors, and therapeutic approaches to reduce the risk of\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MI<\/jats:styled-content>\n              in\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              . Twenty\u2010one observational studies and 10 clinical trials were included. The annual rate of\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MI<\/jats:styled-content>\n              in observational studies including\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              patients ranged from 0.4% to 2.5%. Higher rates of\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MI<\/jats:styled-content>\n              were reported in\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              patients with stable coronary artery disease (11.5%\/year), vascular disease (4.47%\/year), heart failure (2.9%\/year), and in those undergoing coronary artery interventions (6.3%\/year). However, lower annual rates have been described in\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              patients from Eastern countries (0.2\u20130.3%\/year), and in those enrolled in clinical trials (from 0.4 to 1.3%\/year).\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              patients had a significant residual risk of\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MI<\/jats:styled-content>\n              despite anticoagulant treatment. Coexistence of atherosclerotic risk factors and platelet activation account for the increased risk of\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MI<\/jats:styled-content>\n              in\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              . Identification of high\u2010risk\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              patients is a needed first step to develop cost\u2010effective approaches for prevention. A new score, the 2\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MACE<\/jats:styled-content>\n              score, has been recently developed to stratify\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MI<\/jats:styled-content>\n              risk in\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              , and may help not only in allocating resources to high\u2010risk groups, but also in design of studies examining novel therapies for prevention of\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MI<\/jats:styled-content>\n              in\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              .\n            <\/jats:p>\n          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