{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:09:36Z","timestamp":1790352576689,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Intracerebral hemorrhage (\n ICH<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) carries high risk for short\u2010term mortality. We sought to identify race\u2010specific predictors of mortality in\n ICH<\/jats:styled-content>\n patients.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n \n We used 2 databases, the Johns Hopkins clinical stroke database and the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (\n NIS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). We included 226 patients with the primary diagnosis of spontaneous\n ICH<\/jats:styled-content>\n from our stroke database between 2010 and 2013; in the\n NIS<\/jats:styled-content>\n , 42\u00a0077 patients met inclusion criteria. Logistic regression was used to assess differences in predictors of mortality in blacks compared to whites. In our clinical stroke database, Glasgow Coma Scale (\n GCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.016),\n ICH<\/jats:styled-content>\n volume (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.013), intraventricular haemorrhage (\n IVH<\/jats:styled-content>\n ;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.023), and diabetes mellitus (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.037) were predictors of mortality in blacks, whereas\n GCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.007),\n ICH<\/jats:styled-content>\n volume (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.005), age (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.002), chronic kidney disease (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.003), and smoking (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.010) predicted mortality in whites. Among patients with\n IVH<\/jats:styled-content>\n , blacks had over 7 times higher odds of mortality compared to whites (odds ratio [\n OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ], 7.27;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n value for interaction, 0.017) and were more likely to present with hydrocephalus (\n OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n , 2.76;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.026). In the\n NIS<\/jats:styled-content>\n , black\n ICH<\/jats:styled-content>\n patients had higher rates of external ventricular drain (\n EVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) placement compared to whites (9.7% vs 5.0%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <0.001) and were more likely to develop hydrocephalus (\n OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n , 1.32; 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n , 1.20\u20131.46). Comparison of a race\u2010specific\n ICH<\/jats:styled-content>\n score to the original\n ICH<\/jats:styled-content>\n score showed that the various\n ICH<\/jats:styled-content>\n score components have differential relevance for\n ICH<\/jats:styled-content>\n score performance by race.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n IVH<\/jats:styled-content>\n and age differentially predict mortality among blacks and whites. Blacks have higher rates of obstructive hydrocephalus and more frequently require\n EVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n placement compared to their white counterparts.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.116.003540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]],"date-time":"2016-08-17T01:29:21Z","timestamp":1471397361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Race\u2010Specific Predictors of Mortality in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Differential Impacts of Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Age Among Blacks and Whites"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Roland","family":"Faigle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth B.","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael H.","family":"Llinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor C.","family":"Urrutia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca F.","family":"Gottesman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.7692"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3182009701"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.000529"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.8.1617"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-012-9793-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199203123261103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.005620"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70340-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410290614"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.7.987"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.1.133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199505000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.4.891"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000089493.23505.CA"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000047847.18178.D3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000018666.74574.9B"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000174293.17959.a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000032240.28636.BD"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(92)90133-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.617639"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","first-page":"45","article-title":"Refinement of the Medicare diagnosis\u2010related groups to incorporate a measure of severity","volume":"16","author":"Edwards N","year":"1994","unstructured":"Edwards N, Honemann D, Burley D, Navarro M. Refinement of the Medicare diagnosis\u2010related groups to incorporate a measure of severity. Health Care Financ Rev. 1994;16:45\u201364.","journal-title":"Health Care Financ Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.14.4.493"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.29.7.1352"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e3181ef9d53"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Heart Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/JAHA.116.003540","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T10:18:56Z","timestamp":1715595536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/JAHA.116.003540"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/JAHA.116.003540"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/jaha.116.003540","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-9980"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-9980","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-03-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-07-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-08-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e003540"}}