{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T08:40:20Z","timestamp":1773218420535,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              Randomized control trials of statins have not demonstrated significant benefits in outcomes of heart failure (\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              ). However, randomized control trials may not always be generalizable. The aim was to determine whether statin and statin type\u2013lipophilic or \u2013hydrophilic improve long\u2010term outcomes in Africans with\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              .\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              This was a retrospective longitudinal study of\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              patients aged \u226518\u00a0years hospitalized at a tertiary healthcare center between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2013 in Ghana. Patients were eligible if they were discharged from first admission for\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              (index admission) and followed up to time of all\u2010cause, cardiovascular, and\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              mortality or end of study. Multivariable time\u2010dependent Cox model and inverse\u2010probability\u2010of\u2010treatment weighting of marginal structural model were used to estimate associations between statin treatment and outcomes. Adjusted hazard ratios were also estimated for lipophilic and hydrophilic statin compared with no statin use. The study included 1488 patients (mean age 60.3\u00b114.2\u00a0years) with 9306\u00a0person\u2010years of observation. Using the time\u2010dependent Cox model, the 5\u2010year adjusted hazard ratios with 95%\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n              for statin treatment on all\u2010cause, cardiovascular, and\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              mortality were 0.68 (0.55\u20130.83), 0.67 (0.54\u20130.82), and 0.63 (0.51\u20130.79), respectively. Use of inverse\u2010probability\u2010of\u2010treatment weighting resulted in estimates of 0.79 (0.65\u20130.96), 0.77 (0.63\u20130.96), and 0.77 (0.61\u20130.95) for statin treatment on all\u2010cause, cardiovascular, and\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              mortality, respectively, compared with no statin use.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              Among Africans with\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HF<\/jats:styled-content>\n              , statin treatment was associated with significant reduction in mortality.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.116.004706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,2]],"date-time":"2017-04-02T00:25:33Z","timestamp":1491092733000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Statin Treatment and Clinical Outcomes of Heart Failure Among Africans: An Inverse Probability Treatment Weighted Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Kwadwo Osei","family":"Bonsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia"},{"name":"Accident and Emergency Directorate, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaac Kofi","family":"Owusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwame Ohene","family":"Buabeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Reidpath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amudha","family":"Kadirvelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001699"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2010.165"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","first-page":"1383","article-title":"Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)","volume":"344","year":"1994","unstructured":"Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). 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