{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T04:16:17Z","timestamp":1781756177810,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Antihypertensive medication use may vary by race and ethnicity. Longitudinal antihypertensive medication use patterns are not well described in women.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              Participants from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), a prospective cohort of women (n=3302, aged 42\u201352), who reported a diagnosis of hypertension or antihypertensive medication use at any annual visit were included. Antihypertensive medications were grouped by class and examined by race\/ethnicity adjusting for potential confounders in logistic regression models. A total of 1707 (51.7%) women, mean age 50.6\u00a0years, reported hypertension or used antihypertensive medications at baseline or during follow\u2010up (mean 9.1\u00a0years). Compared with whites, blacks were almost 3 times as likely to receive a calcium channel blocker (odds ratio, 2.92; 95%\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n              , 2.24\u20133.82) and twice as likely to receive a thiazide diuretic (odds ratio, 2.38; 95%\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n              , 1.93\u20132.94). Blacks also had a higher probability of reporting use of \u22652 antihypertensive medications (odds ratio, 1.95; 95%\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n              , 1.55\u20132.45) compared with whites. Use of angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme inhibitors\/angiotensin receptor blockers and thiazide diuretics increased over time for all racial\/ethnic groups. Contrary to our hypothesis, rates of \u03b2\u2010blocker usage did not decrease over time.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Among this large cohort of multiethnic midlife women, use of antihypertensive medications increased over time, with angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme inhibitors\/angiotensin receptor blockers becoming the most commonly used antihypertensive medication, even for blacks. Thiazide diuretic utilization increased over time for all race\/ethnic groups as did use of calcium\u00a0channel blockers among blacks; both patterns are in line with guideline recommendations for the management of hypertension.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.116.004758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]],"date-time":"2017-02-24T01:50:54Z","timestamp":1487901054000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effect of Race and Ethnicity on Antihypertensive Medication Utilization Among Women in the United States: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN)"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Health System Ann Arbor MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine","family":"Ruppert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A.","family":"Derby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology Department of Epidemiology and Population Health Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinjuan","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genevieve","family":"Neal\u2010Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive Endocrinology &amp; Infertility Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Washington Seattle WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurel A.","family":"Habel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research Kaiser Permanente Northern California Oakland CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping G.","family":"Tepper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siob\u00e1n D.","family":"Harlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology Division of Pharmacoepidemiology Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000000350"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31823ac046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000173433.67426.9b"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14779072.6.10.1357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.18.2098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03460240051027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)05381-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.23.2981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.1967"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.284427"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012453790-3\/50012-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2006.15.1184"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","volume-title":"SAS, Longitudinal Data Analysis With Discrete and Continuous Responses","author":"Patetta M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Patetta M. 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