{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:00:05Z","timestamp":1793322005631,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">There is paucity of knowledge concerning the specific age in youth when the associations of metabolic syndrome (MetS) begin to be operative. Thus, we investigated the relation of age to the associations of childhood MetS with adult MetS, type 2 diabetes mellitus and high carotid intima\u2010media thickness.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Five thousand eight\u2010hundred three participants were analyzed in 4 cohort studies (Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns, Bogalusa Heart Study, Princeton Lipid Research Study, Insulin Study). International cutoffs and previously used 75th percentile cutoffs were used for children to define MetS and its components. Mean follow\u2010up period was 22.3\u00a0years. Logistic regression was used to calculate risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Childhood MetS and overweight were associated with over 2.4\u2010fold risk for adult MetS from the age of 5\u00a0years onward. Risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus was increased from the age of 8 (risk ratio, 2.6\u20134.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.35\u20136.76 and 1.12\u20137.24, respectively) onward for the 2 childhood MetS criteria based on international cut\u2010off values and for childhood overweight. Risk for high carotid intima\u2010media thickness was significant at ages 11 to 18\u00a0years in relation to childhood MetS or overweight (risk ratio, 2.44\u20134.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.55\u20133.55 and 2.55\u20135.66, respectively). Continuous childhood MetS score was associated with adult MetS from the age of 5, with type 2 diabetes mellitus from the age of 14 and with high carotid intima\u2010media thickness from the age of 11\u00a0years onward.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Adult MetS was predicted by MetS in childhood beginning at age 5. However, adult type 2 diabetes mellitus and subclinical atherosclerosis were not predicted by childhood data until after age 8. Body mass index measurement alone at the same age points provided similar findings.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.117.005632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T18:25:38Z","timestamp":1504290338000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":139,"title":["Childhood Age and Associations Between Childhood Metabolic Syndrome and Adult Risk for Metabolic Syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Carotid Intima Media Thickness: The International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort Consortium"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Juha","family":"Koskinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Heart Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costan 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Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"David R.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Steinberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Prineas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston\u2010Salem, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Sabin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trudy","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Berenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Tulane Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Bazzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, 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