{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T21:40:02Z","timestamp":1773351602970,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              Vasovagal syncope (\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VVS<\/jats:styled-content>\n              ) is characterized by hypotension and bradycardia followed by lowering of cerebral blood flow. Remote limb ischemic preconditioning (\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RIPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              ) is well documented to provide cardio\u2010 and neuroprotection as well as to improve cerebral blood flow. We hypothesized that\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RIPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              will provide protection against\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VVS<\/jats:styled-content>\n              \u2010induced hypotension, bradycardia, and cerebral hypoperfusion. Second, because endothelial nitric oxide synthase has been reported as a mediator of cerebral blood flow control, we hypothesized that the mechanism by which\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RIPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              primes the vasculature against\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VVS<\/jats:styled-content>\n              is via the \u03b1\n              <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n              \u2010adrenoceptor\u2013protein kinase C\u03b5\u2013endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              We utilized sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation in rats as a model of\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VVS<\/jats:styled-content>\n              .\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RIPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              attenuated the lowerings of mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and cerebral blood flow caused by sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation, as well as improving behavior during, and recovery after, stimulation.\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RIPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              induced elevated serum norepinephrine, increased expression of brain \u03b1\n              <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n              \u2010adrenoceptors, and reduced brain expression of norepinephrine transporter 1. Antagonizing adrenoceptors and norepinephrine transporter 1 prevented\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RIPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              protection of cerebral perfusion during sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\n              Taken together, this study indicates that\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RIPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n              may be a potential therapy that can prevent\n              <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VVS<\/jats:styled-content>\n              pathophysiology, decrease syncopal episodes, and reduce the injuries associated with syncopal falls. Furthermore, the \u03b1\n              <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n              \u2010adrenoceptor\u2013protein\u00a0kinase C\u03b5\u2013endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway may be a therapeutic target for regulating changes in cerebral blood flow.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.117.007105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,24]],"date-time":"2018-03-24T09:05:12Z","timestamp":1521882312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning Attenuates Cerebrovascular Depression During Sinusoidal Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation via \u03b1\n            <sub>1<\/sub>\n            \u2010Adrenoceptor\u2013Protein Kinase C\u03b5\u2013Endothelial NO Synthase Pathway in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Devin W.","family":"McBride","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology &amp; Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesar","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology &amp; Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"Richard","family":"Applegate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiping","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology &amp; Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00471"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2014.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012407"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470994801"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2012.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-005-0331-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2011-300860"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1997.273.4.H1707"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13085"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.223"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2012.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706177"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163280"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/eupc.2001.0155"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp179"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.68.3.827"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.10.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111411"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02888802"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.61.4.581"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.213645"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq206"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00756.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1989.tb11930.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","first-page":"559","article-title":"Gender differences in cerebral blood flow as a function of cognitive state with PET","volume":"37","author":"Esposito G","year":"1996","unstructured":"Esposito G, Van Horn JD, Weinberger DR, Berman KF. 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