{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T02:53:48Z","timestamp":1778900028617,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Previous reports on whether smoking is associated with insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus have yielded inconsistent findings. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between cigarette smoking and incident diabetes mellitus in the Jackson Heart Study.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Jackson Heart Study participants enrolled at baseline without prevalent diabetes mellitus (n=2991) were classified by self\u2010report as current smokers, past smokers (smoked \u2265400\u00a0cigarettes\/life and no longer smoking), or never smokers. We quantified smoking intensity by number of cigarettes smoked daily; we considered \u226520\u00a0cigarettes per day (1 pack) \u201chigh\u2010intensity.\u201d We defined diabetes mellitus as fasting glucose \u2265126\u00a0mg\/dL, hemoglobin A1c \u22656.5% or International Federation of Clinical Chemistry units HbA1c 48\u00a0mmol\/mol, or use of diabetes mellitus medication. We estimated the adjusted associations of smoking status, intensity, and dose (pack\u2010years) with incident diabetes mellitus using Poisson regression models. At baseline there were 361 baseline current (1\u201310\u00a0cigarettes per day [n=242]; \u226520 [n=119]), 502 past, and 2128 never smokers. From Visit 1 to Visit 3 (mean 8.0\u00b10.9\u00a0years), 479 participants developed incident diabetes mellitus. After adjustment for covariates, baseline current smokers who smoked less than a pack\/d and past smokers had similar rates of incident diabetes mellitus compared with never smokers (incidence rate ratios 1.04, 95% confidence interval, 0.69\u20131.58 and 1.08, 95% confidence interval, 0.82\u20131.42, respectively). Baseline current high\u2010intensity smokers had a 79% (95% confidence interval, 1.14\u20132.81) higher incidence of diabetes mellitus compared with never smokers. Smoking dose (per 10\u00a0pack\u2010years) was also associated with a higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (incidence rate ratios 1.10, 95% confidence interval, 1.03\u20131.19) in adjusted models.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">High\u2010intensity cigarette smoking and smoking pack\u2010years are associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus in blacks.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.117.007413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,12]],"date-time":"2018-01-12T20:10:36Z","timestamp":1515787836000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["High\u2010Intensity Cigarette Smoking Is Associated With Incident Diabetes Mellitus In Black Adults: The Jackson Heart Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Wendy B.","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tougaloo College","place":["Tougaloo"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loretta R.","family":"Cain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mississippi Medical Center","place":["Jackson"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emelia J.","family":"Benjamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Medicine","place":["Boston"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew P.","family":"DeFilippis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Louisville","place":["Louisville"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Blaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mississippi Medical Center","place":["Jackson"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Okhomina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mississippi Medical Center","place":["Jackson"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel J.","family":"Keith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Louisville","place":["Louisville"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Al Rifai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kansas School of Medicine","place":["Wichita"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Kianoush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Winniford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mississippi Medical Center","place":["Jackson"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rose M.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center","place":["Nashville"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aruni","family":"Bhatnagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Louisville","place":["Louisville"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adolfo","family":"Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mississippi Medical Center","place":["Jackson"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mississippi Medical Center","place":["Jackson"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90621-H","article-title":"Smoking and cancer","volume":"93","author":"Carbone D","year":"1992","unstructured":"Carbone D. 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