{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T22:15:47Z","timestamp":1783116947720,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">While prior studies have linked the neighborhood environment and development of subclinical atherosclerosis, it is unknown whether living in neighborhoods with greater availability of \u201cunhealthy\u201d food outlets (fast\u2010food chain restaurants and convenience stores) is associated with risk of developing coronary artery calcification (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAC<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\"><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">We included 2706<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CARDIA<\/jats:styled-content>study (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) participants who underwent<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAC<\/jats:styled-content>measurement during follow\u2010up years 15 (2000\u20132001), 20 (2005\u20132006), and 25 (2010\u20132011). Neighborhood features examined included percentage of all food outlets that were convenience stores and fast\u2010food chain restaurants within a 3\u2010km Euclidean buffer distance from each participant's residence. Econometric fixed effects models, which by design control for all time\u2010invariant covariates, were used to model the longitudinal association between simultaneous within\u2010person change in percentage food outlet and change in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAC<\/jats:styled-content>. At baseline (year 15), 9.7% of participants had prevalent<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAC<\/jats:styled-content>. During 10\u00a0years of follow\u2010up, 21.1% of participants developed<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAC<\/jats:styled-content>. Each 1\u2010SD increase in percentage of convenience stores was associated with a 1.34 higher odds of developing<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAC<\/jats:styled-content>(95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.04, 1.72) after adjusting for individual\u2010 and neighborhood\u2010level covariates; however, there was no significant association between increased percentage of fast\u2010food chain restaurants and developing<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAC<\/jats:styled-content>(odds ratio=1.15; 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.96, 1.38). There were no significant associations between increases in either food outlet percentage and progression of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAC<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec xml:lang=\"en\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Our findings suggest that increases in the relative availability of convenience stores in participants' neighborhoods is related to the development of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAC<\/jats:styled-content>over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.118.010586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]],"date-time":"2019-02-18T10:00:18Z","timestamp":1550484018000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Associations of Unhealthy Food Environment With the Development of Coronary Artery Calcification: The CARDIA Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Julie","family":"Kelman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay R.","family":"Pool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penny","family":"Gordon\u2010Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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