{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T17:36:57Z","timestamp":1793900217943,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAHA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Premenopausal women have a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease, which may partly be due to a protective effect of estrogen on endothelial function. Animal studies suggest that estrogen may also improve the relationship between shear rate (\n SR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and endothelial function. We aimed to explore the relationship between endothelial function (ie, flow\u2010mediated dilation [\n FMD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ]) and\n SR<\/jats:styled-content>\n (ie,\n SR<\/jats:styled-content>\n area under the curve [\n SRAUC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ]) in women\n versus<\/jats:italic>\n men, and between pre\u2010\n versus<\/jats:italic>\n postmenopausal women.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Brachial artery\n FMD<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n SRAUC<\/jats:styled-content>\n were measured in accordance with expert\u2010consensus guidelines in 932 healthy participants who were stratified into young adults (18\u201040\u00a0years, 389 men, 144 women) and older adults (>40\u00a0years, 260 men, 139 women). Second, we compared premenopausal (n=173) and postmenopausal women (n=110). There was evidence of a weak correlation between\n SRAUC<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n FMD<\/jats:styled-content>\n in all groups but older men, although there was variation in strength of outcomes. Further exploration using interaction terms (age\u2010sex\u00d7\n SRAUC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) in linear regression revealed differential relationships with\n FMD<\/jats:styled-content>\n (young women\n versus<\/jats:italic>\n young men [\u03b2=\u22125.8\n \u22124<\/jats:sup>\n ,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.017] and older women [\u03b2=\u22125.9\n \u22124<\/jats:sup>\n ,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.049]). The correlation between\n SRAUC<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n FMD<\/jats:styled-content>\n in premenopausal women (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n =0.097) was not statistically different from that in postmenopausal women (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n =0.025; Fisher\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =0.30). Subgroup analysis using stringent inclusion criteria for health markers (n=505) confirmed a stronger\n FMD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n SRAUC<\/jats:styled-content>\n correlation in young women compared with young men and older women.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Evidence for a stronger relationship between endothelial function and the eliciting\n SR<\/jats:styled-content>\n stimulus is present in young women compared with men. Estrogen may contribute to this finding, but larger healthy cohorts are required for conclusive outcomes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.118.010994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,15]],"date-time":"2019-02-15T10:01:38Z","timestamp":1550224898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Relationship Between Endothelial Function and the Eliciting Shear Stress Stimulus in Women: Changes Across the Lifespan Differ to Men"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sophie M.","family":"Holder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ine","family":"Brislane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen A.","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola D.","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria T. 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A.","family":"Schreuder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Radboud Institute for Health Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria S.","family":"Sprung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal Biology II Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease University of Liverpool United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Naylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science) The University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Maiorana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science Curtin University Perth Australia"},{"name":"Allied Health Department & Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Service Fiona Stanley Hospital Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine University of Liverpool United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dick H. 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